Ch 6Anatomy of Flowering Plantsपुष्पी पादपों का शारीरAnatomy of Flowering Plants
Epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems; internal structure of dicot and monocot roots, stems and leaves.बाह्यत्वचीय, भरण और संवहन ऊतक तंत्र; द्विबीजपत्री और एकबीजपत्री जड़, तने और पत्ती की आंतरिक संरचना।Epidermal, ground aur vascular tissue systems; dicot-monocot root, stem, leaf ki andar ki banawat.
Didn’t understand a paragraph? Tap it (or its Explain button) → Hindi / Hinglish / Simple English.कोई पैराग्राफ़ समझ नहीं आया? उस पर (या समझें बटन पर) टैप करें → अंग्रेज़ी / हिंग्लिश।Koi paragraph samajh nahi aaya? Us par (ya Samjho button par) tap kijiye → Hindi / English.
Diagrams in this chapterइस अध्याय के डायग्रामIs chapter ke diagrams
▶ Animate: Dicot stem T.S., layer by layer▶ एनिमेट: द्विबीजपत्री तने की अनुप्रस्थ काट, परत-दर-परत▶ Animate: Dicot stem T.S., layer by layerAnimated
▶ Animate: Stomata: guard cells open and close the pore▶ एनिमेट: रंध्र: द्वार कोशिकाएँ छिद्र खोलती-बंद करती हैं▶ Animate: Stomata: guard cells pore kholte-band karte hainAnimated
Stomata and stomatal apparatusरंध्र और रंध्री उपकरणStomata and stomatal apparatusFig 6.1
Types of vascular bundlesसंवहन बंडलों के प्रकारTypes of vascular bundlesFig 6.2
T.S. of dicot and monocot rootद्विबीजपत्री और एकबीजपत्री जड़ की अनुप्रस्थ काटT.S. of dicot and monocot rootFig 6.3
T.S. of dicot and monocot stemद्विबीजपत्री और एकबीजपत्री तने की अनुप्रस्थ काटT.S. of dicot and monocot stemFig 6.4
V.S. of a dorsiventral (dicot) leafपृष्ठाधारी (द्विबीजपत्री) पत्ती की ऊर्ध्व काटV.S. of a dorsiventral (dicot) leafFig 6.5 (a)In this chapter (NCERT sections)इस अध्याय में (NCERT खंड)Is chapter mein (NCERT sections)
- 6.1The tissue systemऊतक तंत्रTissue system
- 6.2Anatomy of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plantsद्विबीजपत्री और एकबीजपत्री पौधों की शारीरिकीDicot aur monocot anatomy
- ★Yaad rakho — quick revisionयाद रखो — झटपट दोहरावYaad rakho — quick revision
- ⚠Common mistakesआम गलतियाँCommon mistakes
- ✎NCERT questions — short answersNCERT प्रश्न — संक्षिप्त उत्तरNCERT questions — short answers
- 🎯Quizक्विज़Quiz
Anatomy = study of internal structure. On the basis of structure and location, plant tissues form three tissue systems: epidermal, ground (fundamental) and vascular (conducting).शारीरिकी = आंतरिक संरचना का अध्ययन। संरचना और स्थिति के आधार पर पादप ऊतक तीन ऊतक तंत्र बनाते हैं: बाह्यत्वचीय, भरण (मूलभूत) और संवहन (चालन)।Anatomy = andar ki structure. Teen tissue systems: epidermal, ground, vascular.Anatomy means the study of the inside structure of a plant. Based on their structure and where they are found, plant tissues are put into three tissue systems: the epidermal tissue system (outer covering), the ground (fundamental) tissue system (the main filling), and the vascular (conducting) tissue system (the carrying tubes).
6.1The tissue systemऊतक तंत्रTissue system
6.1.1Epidermal tissue systemबाह्यत्वचीय ऊतक तंत्रEpidermal tissue system
The outermost covering: epidermal cells, stomata and epidermal appendages (trichomes, hairs). The epidermis is usually single-layered, of elongated, compactly arranged parenchyma cells with a little cytoplasm lining the wall and a large vacuole. Outside it is often a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss — absent in roots.सबसे बाहरी आवरण: बाह्यत्वचा कोशिकाएँ, रंध्र और बाह्यत्वचीय उपांग (रोम, केश)। बाह्यत्वचा प्रायः एक-स्तरीय, लंबी, सघन व्यवस्थित मृदूतकी कोशिकाओं की, भित्ति से सटा थोड़ा कोशिकाद्रव्य और बड़ी रिक्तिका। बाहर प्रायः मोमी उपत्वचा (क्यूटिकल) जो जल हानि रोकती है — जड़ों में नहीं।Sabse bahari cover: epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes/hairs. Epidermis ek layer, parenchyma, badi vacuole. Upar cuticle (paani bachaye) — root mein nahi.The epidermal tissue system is the outermost covering of the plant. It has epidermal cells, stomata and epidermal appendages (outgrowths like trichomes and hairs). The epidermis is usually one layer thick. Its cells are long, tightly packed parenchyma cells. Each cell has a thin layer of cytoplasm along the wall and a big vacuole in the middle. On the outside there is often a waxy layer called the cuticle, which stops water loss. The cuticle is not present in roots.
Stomata (in the epidermis of leaves) regulate transpiration and gaseous exchange. Each stoma has two bean-shaped guard cells (dumb-bell shaped in grasses) enclosing the stomatal pore. Their outer walls are thin and the inner walls (towards the pore) are highly thickened; they contain chloroplasts and regulate opening and closing. Nearby specialised epidermal cells are subsidiary cells. Pore + guard cells + subsidiary cells = stomatal apparatus.रंध्र (पत्तियों की बाह्यत्वचा में) वाष्पोत्सर्जन और गैस विनिमय नियंत्रित करते हैं। हर रंध्र में दो सेम-आकार द्वार कोशिकाएँ (घासों में डंबल-आकार) रंध्री छिद्र को घेरती हैं। बाहरी भित्ति पतली और भीतरी भित्ति (छिद्र की ओर) बहुत मोटी; इनमें हरितलवक होते हैं और ये खुलना-बंद होना नियंत्रित करती हैं। पास की विशिष्ट कोशिकाएँ सहायक कोशिकाएँ। छिद्र + द्वार + सहायक कोशिकाएँ = रंध्री उपकरण।Stomata — transpiration, gas exchange. Do bean-shaped guard cells (ghaas mein dumb-bell) pore ke chaaron or; inner wall moti; chloroplast. Subsidiary cells. Sab milake = stomatal apparatus.Stomata are tiny pores in the epidermis of leaves. They control transpiration (loss of water as vapour) and gaseous exchange (taking in and giving out gases). Each stoma has two bean-shaped guard cells around the stomatal pore. In grasses, the guard cells are dumb-bell shaped. The outer walls of guard cells are thin, but the inner walls (facing the pore) are very thick. Guard cells have chloroplasts and control the opening and closing of the pore. Special epidermal cells next to them are called subsidiary cells. The pore + guard cells + subsidiary cells together make the stomatal apparatus. 👉 inner walls (towards the pore) are highly thickened
Root hairs are unicellular elongations of epidermal cells — absorb water and minerals. On the stem the hairs are trichomes — usually multicellular, branched or unbranched, soft or stiff, even secretory; they help prevent water loss due to transpiration.मूलरोम बाह्यत्वचा कोशिकाओं की एककोशिकीय वृद्धियाँ — जल और खनिज सोखते हैं। तने पर केश त्वचारोम (ट्राइकोम) — प्रायः बहुकोशिकीय, शाखित या अशाखित, कोमल या कठोर, स्रावी भी; ये वाष्पोत्सर्जन से जल हानि रोकने में मदद करते हैं।Root hairs — unicellular, paani sokhte. Stem par trichomes — multicellular, kabhi secretory; paani ka nuksaan rokte.Root hairs are unicellular (one-celled) outgrowths of epidermal cells. They take in water and minerals from the soil. On the stem, the hairs are called trichomes. They are usually multicellular (many-celled). They may be branched or unbranched, soft or stiff, and some even give out (secrete) substances. Trichomes help to stop water loss by transpiration.
6.1.2The ground tissue systemभरण ऊतक तंत्रGround tissue system
All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles. Simple tissues — parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Parenchyma occurs in the cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays of primary stems and roots. In leaves the ground tissue is thin-walled, chloroplast-containing mesophyll.बाह्यत्वचा और संवहन बंडलों को छोड़कर सभी ऊतक। सरल ऊतक — मृदूतक, स्थूलकोणोतक, दृढ़ोतक। मृदूतक प्राथमिक तनों और जड़ों के वल्कुट, परिरंभ, मज्जा और मज्जा रश्मियों में। पत्तियों में भरण ऊतक पतली भित्ति, हरितलवक युक्त पर्णमध्योतक (मीज़ोफिल)।Epidermis aur vascular bundles ke alawa sab. Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. Cortex, pericycle, pith, medullary rays. Leaf mein mesophyll.The ground tissue system includes all tissues except the epidermis and the vascular bundles. It is made of simple tissues — parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. In young (primary) stems and roots, parenchyma is found in the cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays. In leaves, the ground tissue is the mesophyll — thin-walled cells that contain chloroplasts.
6.1.3The vascular tissue systemसंवहन ऊतक तंत्रVascular tissue system
Complex tissues xylem and phloem together form vascular bundles. In dicot stems cambium lies between phloem and xylem → can form secondary tissues → open bundles. Monocot bundles have no cambium → closed. Xylem and phloem on different radii, alternating = radial (roots). On the same radius = conjoint (stems, leaves), usually with phloem only on the outer side of xylem.जटिल ऊतक जाइलम और फ्लोएम मिलकर संवहन बंडल बनाते हैं। द्विबीजपत्री तने में फ्लोएम और जाइलम के बीच कैंबियम → द्वितीयक ऊतक बना सकते हैं → खुले बंडल। एकबीजपत्री बंडलों में कैंबियम नहीं → बंद। जाइलम और फ्लोएम अलग त्रिज्याओं पर एकांतर = अरीय (जड़ें)। एक ही त्रिज्या पर = संयुक्त (तना, पत्ती), प्रायः फ्लोएम केवल जाइलम के बाहर।Xylem + phloem = vascular bundle. Dicot stem mein cambium → open; monocot mein nahi → closed. Alag radii = radial (roots); same radius = conjoint (stem, leaf), phloem bahar.The vascular tissue system is made of the complex tissues Xylem (carries water) and phloem (carries food). Together they form vascular bundles. In dicot stems, a layer called cambium lies between the phloem and xylem. It can make new (secondary) tissues, so these bundles are open. Monocot bundles have no cambium, so they are closed. When xylem and phloem are on different radii (different lines from the centre) and take turns around the circle, the bundle is radial (in roots). When xylem and phloem are on the same radius, the bundle is conjoint (in stems and leaves). In conjoint bundles, phloem is usually only on the outer side of the xylem.
Didn’t get this part?समझ नहीं आया?Samajh nahi aaya?
6.2Anatomy of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plantsद्विबीजपत्री और एकबीजपत्री पौधों की शारीरिकीDicot aur monocot anatomy
6.2.1Dicotyledonous rootद्विबीजपत्री जड़Dicot root
T.S. of sunflower root: outermost epiblema (many cells form unicellular root hairs) → cortex of thin-walled parenchyma with intercellular spaces → endodermis: single layer of barrel-shaped cells without intercellular spaces; tangential and radial walls have water-impermeable waxy suberin as Casparian strips → pericycle: a few layers of thick-walled parenchyma where lateral roots and the vascular cambium (secondary growth) begin → pith small or inconspicuous. Parenchyma between xylem and phloem = conjunctive tissue. Usually two to four xylem and phloem patches; later a cambium ring develops. Pericycle, vascular bundles and pith (all inside endodermis) = stele.सूरजमुखी की जड़ की अनुप्रस्थ काट: सबसे बाहर मूलीय त्वचा (अनेक कोशिकाएँ एककोशिकीय मूलरोम) → अंतरकोशिकीय स्थानों वाले पतली भित्ति मृदूतक का वल्कुट → अंतस्त्वचा: ढोलक-आकार कोशिकाओं की एक परत, अंतरकोशिकीय स्थान नहीं; स्पर्शरेखीय और अरीय भित्तियों पर जल-अपारगम्य मोमी सुबेरिन की कैस्पेरी पट्टियाँ → परिरंभ: मोटी भित्ति मृदूतक की कुछ परतें, जहाँ से पार्श्व जड़ें और संवहन कैंबियम (द्वितीयक वृद्धि) शुरू → मज्जा छोटा या अस्पष्ट। जाइलम-फ्लोएम के बीच का मृदूतक = संयोजी ऊतक। प्रायः दो से चार जाइलम और फ्लोएम समूह; बाद में कैंबियम वलय बनता है। अंतस्त्वचा के भीतर परिरंभ, संवहन बंडल और मज्जा = रंभ (स्टील)।Surajmukhi root: epiblema (root hairs) → cortex → endodermis (barrel cells, suberin ki Casparian strips) → pericycle (lateral roots, cambium yahan se) → chhota pith. 2–4 xylem–phloem patches; beech mein conjunctive tissue. Endodermis ke andar sab = stele.Dicot root — T.S. (cross-section) of a sunflower root, from outside to inside. The outermost layer is the epiblema; many of its cells grow out as one-celled root hairs. Next is the cortex, made of thin-walled parenchyma with spaces between cells. Then comes the endodermis: one layer of barrel-shaped cells with no spaces between them. Their tangential and radial walls have a waxy substance called suberin, which does not let water through. These bands are called Casparian strips. Inside it is the pericycle: a few layers of thick-walled parenchyma. Lateral roots (side roots) and the vascular cambium (for secondary growth) start here. The pith is small or hard to see. The parenchyma between xylem and phloem is called conjunctive tissue. There are usually two to four patches of xylem and phloem. Later a ring of cambium forms. The pericycle, vascular bundles and pith (everything inside the endodermis) together make the stele.
6.2.2Monocotyledonous rootएकबीजपत्री जड़Monocot root
Similar to the dicot root — epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles and pith — but usually more than six (polyarch) xylem bundles, a large, well-developed pith, and no secondary growth.द्विबीजपत्री जड़ जैसी — बाह्यत्वचा, वल्कुट, अंतस्त्वचा, परिरंभ, संवहन बंडल और मज्जा — पर प्रायः छह से अधिक (बहुआदिदारुक) जाइलम बंडल, बड़ा सुविकसित मज्जा, और द्वितीयक वृद्धि नहीं।Dicot root jaisi, par 6+ (polyarch) xylem, bada pith, secondary growth nahi.Monocot root: It is like the dicot root — it has an epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles and pith. The differences: it usually has more than six xylem bundles (polyarch), a big, well-developed pith, and no secondary growth (it does not grow thicker).
6.2.3Dicotyledonous stemद्विबीजपत्री तनाDicot stem
Epidermis — outermost, with thin cuticle, may bear trichomes and a few stomata. Cortex (between epidermis and pericycle) has three sub-zones: outer hypodermis — a few layers of collenchyma giving mechanical strength; cortical layers of rounded thin-walled parenchyma with intercellular spaces; innermost endodermis, rich in starch grains — the starch sheath. Pericycle — on the inner side of endodermis and above phloem as semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma. Medullary rays — radially placed parenchyma between bundles. Many vascular bundles arranged in a ring — characteristic of dicot stem; each conjoint, open, with endarch protoxylem. Pith — large central parenchyma with large intercellular spaces.बाह्यत्वचा — सबसे बाहर, पतली क्यूटिकल, रोम और कुछ रंध्र। वल्कुट (बाह्यत्वचा और परिरंभ के बीच) के तीन उप-क्षेत्र: बाहरी अधस्त्वचा — स्थूलकोणोतक की कुछ परतें, यांत्रिक शक्ति; वल्कुट परतें — गोल पतली भित्ति मृदूतक, अंतरकोशिकीय स्थान; सबसे भीतरी अंतस्त्वचा — मंड कणों से भरपूर, मंड आच्छद। परिरंभ — अंतस्त्वचा के भीतर और फ्लोएम के ऊपर दृढ़ोतक की अर्धचंद्राकार पट्टियाँ। मज्जा रश्मियाँ — बंडलों के बीच अरीय मृदूतक। अनेक संवहन बंडल वलय में — द्विबीजपत्री तने की पहचान; प्रत्येक संयुक्त, खुला, अंतःआदिदारुक। मज्जा — बड़े अंतरकोशिकीय स्थानों वाला केंद्रीय मृदूतक।Epidermis (cuticle, trichomes). Cortex: hypodermis (collenchyma), parenchyma, endodermis (starch sheath). Pericycle — semilunar sclerenchyma. Medullary rays. Ring mein bundles — conjoint, open, endarch. Bada pith.Dicot stem, from outside to inside. The Epidermis is the outer layer, with a thin cuticle; it may have trichomes and a few stomata. The cortex lies between the epidermis and the pericycle, and it has three parts. (1) The outer hypodermis: a few layers of collenchyma that give strength. (2) The cortical layers: round, thin-walled parenchyma cells with spaces between them. (3) The innermost endodermis: its cells are full of starch grains, so it is called the starch sheath. The Pericycle is inside the endodermis and above the phloem, as half-moon shaped (semi-lunar) patches of sclerenchyma. Medullary rays are parenchyma cells lying in lines between the bundles. Many vascular bundles are arranged in a ring — this is a special feature of the dicot stem. Each bundle is conjoint, open, with endarch protoxylem (the first-formed xylem points towards the centre). The Pith is a large central area of parenchyma with large spaces between cells. 👉 vascular bundles arranged in a ring
6.2.4Monocotyledonous stemएकबीजपत्री तनाMonocot stem
Sclerenchymatous hypodermis; a large number of scattered vascular bundles, each surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath; large, conspicuous parenchymatous ground tissue. Bundles conjoint and closed; peripheral ones smaller than central ones. Phloem parenchyma absent; water-containing cavities within bundles.दृढ़ोतकी अधस्त्वचा; बहुत सारे बिखरे संवहन बंडल, प्रत्येक दृढ़ोतकी बंडल आच्छद से घिरा; बड़ा स्पष्ट मृदूतकी भरण ऊतक। बंडल संयुक्त और बंद; परिधीय बंडल केंद्रीय से छोटे। फ्लोएम मृदूतक नहीं; बंडलों में जल युक्त गुहिकाएँ।Sclerenchyma hypodermis; bikhre bundles + sclerenchyma sheath; bada ground tissue. Conjoint, closed; bahar wale chhote. Phloem parenchyma nahi; water cavities.Monocot stem: The hypodermis is made of sclerenchyma (hard cells). There are a large number of vascular bundles scattered all over, each surrounded by a bundle sheath of sclerenchyma. The ground tissue is large, clearly seen and made of parenchyma. The bundles are conjoint and closed (no cambium). The bundles near the edge are smaller than the ones in the centre. Phloem parenchyma is absent, and there are water-containing cavities inside the bundles. 👉 Sclerenchymatous hypodermis 👉 scattered vascular bundles
6.2.5Dorsiventral (dicotyledonous) leafपृष्ठाधारी (द्विबीजपत्री) पत्तीDorsiventral (dicot) leaf
V.S. through the lamina shows epidermis, mesophyll and vascular system. Both the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) epidermis have a conspicuous cuticle; the abaxial epidermis bears more stomata (adaxial may lack them). Mesophyll (parenchyma with chloroplasts) has two types: adaxial palisade parenchyma of elongated cells arranged vertically and parallel, and below it oval/round loosely arranged spongy parenchyma with numerous large spaces and air cavities. Vascular bundles in the veins and midrib (size depends on the vein) are surrounded by thick-walled bundle sheath cells; xylem lies towards the upper side.पर्णफलक की ऊर्ध्व काट में बाह्यत्वचा, पर्णमध्योतक और संवहन तंत्र। ऊपरी (अभ्यक्ष) और निचली (अपाक्ष) दोनों बाह्यत्वचा पर स्पष्ट क्यूटिकल; अपाक्ष बाह्यत्वचा में अधिक रंध्र (अभ्यक्ष में नहीं भी हो सकते)। पर्णमध्योतक (हरितलवक युक्त मृदूतक) के दो प्रकार: ऊपर खंभ मृदूतक — लंबी, ऊर्ध्व, समानांतर कोशिकाएँ; उसके नीचे अंडाकार/गोल, ढीली स्पंजी मृदूतक — अनेक बड़े स्थान और वायु गुहाएँ। शिराओं और मध्यशिरा में संवहन बंडल (आकार शिरा पर निर्भर) मोटी भित्ति बंडल आच्छद कोशिकाओं से घिरे; जाइलम ऊपर की ओर।V.S.: epidermis, mesophyll, vascular system. Upper aur lower epidermis par cuticle; neeche zyada stomata. Palisade (seedhe lambe cells) upar, spongy (dheele, air cavities) neeche. Vascular bundles + bundle sheath; xylem upar.Dicot (dorsiventral) leaf: A vertical section of the leaf blade shows three parts — epidermis, mesophyll and vascular system. Both the upper (adaxial) and the lower (abaxial) epidermis have a clear cuticle. The lower epidermis has more stomata; the upper epidermis may have none. The mesophyll (parenchyma with chloroplasts) has two types. Near the upper side is the palisade parenchyma — long cells standing upright and side by side. Below it is the spongy parenchyma — oval or round cells, loosely packed, with many large spaces and air cavities. Vascular bundles are in the veins and the midrib; their size depends on the size of the vein. They are surrounded by thick-walled bundle sheath cells. In each bundle, the xylem is towards the upper side.
6.2.6Isobilateral (monocotyledonous) leafसमद्विपार्श्विक (एकबीजपत्री) पत्तीIsobilateral (monocot) leaf
Similar to the dorsiventral leaf, but stomata on both surfaces and mesophyll not differentiated into palisade and spongy. In grasses, some adaxial epidermal cells along the veins become large, empty, colourless bulliform cells: when turgid the leaf surface is exposed; when flaccid under water stress they make the leaf curl inwards to minimise water loss. Parallel venation shows as near-similar sizes of vascular bundles (except main veins).पृष्ठाधारी पत्ती जैसी, पर दोनों सतहों पर रंध्र और पर्णमध्योतक खंभ-स्पंजी में विभेदित नहीं। घासों में शिराओं के पास कुछ ऊपरी बाह्यत्वचा कोशिकाएँ बड़ी, खाली, रंगहीन आवर्ध त्वक् (बुलीफ़ॉर्म) कोशिकाएँ बन जाती हैं: स्फीत होने पर पत्ती की सतह खुली; जल की कमी में श्लथ होकर पत्ती को भीतर की ओर मोड़ देती हैं जिससे जल हानि घटे। समानांतर शिराविन्यास के कारण संवहन बंडल लगभग समान आकार के (मुख्य शिराओं को छोड़कर)।Dorsiventral jaisi, par dono surface par stomata, mesophyll undifferentiated. Ghaas mein bulliform cells: paani kam ho to patti andar mud jaati. Parallel venation → bundles lagbhag same size.Monocot (isobilateral) leaf: It is like the dicot leaf, but it has stomata on both surfaces, and the mesophyll is not divided into palisade and spongy layers. In grasses, some cells of the upper epidermis along the veins become large, empty and colourless. These are bulliform cells. When they are full of water (turgid), the leaf stays open and its surface is exposed. When they lose water during water stress (flaccid), the leaf rolls inwards to reduce water loss. Because of parallel venation, the vascular bundles look almost the same size, except in the main veins.
| Featureलक्षणFeature | Dicot rootद्विबीजपत्री जड़Dicot root | Monocot rootएकबीजपत्री जड़Monocot root | Dicot stemद्विबीजपत्री तनाDicot stem | Monocot stemएकबीजपत्री तनाMonocot stem |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BundlesबंडलBundles | Radial, 2–4 xylemअरीय, 2–4 जाइलमRadial, 2–4 | Radial, >6 (polyarch)अरीय, >6 (बहुआदिदारुक)Radial, 6+ | Conjoint, open, in a ringसंयुक्त, खुले, वलय मेंConjoint open ring | Conjoint, closed, scatteredसंयुक्त, बंद, बिखरेConjoint closed scattered |
| Pithमज्जाPith | SmallछोटाChhota | Largeबड़ाBada | Largeबड़ाBada | No distinct pith (ground tissue)अलग मज्जा नहीं (भरण ऊतक)Ground tissue |
| Hypodermisअधस्त्वचाHypodermis | ——— | ——— | Collenchymaस्थूलकोणोतकCollenchyma | Sclerenchymaदृढ़ोतकSclerenchyma |
| Secondary growthद्वितीयक वृद्धिSecondary growth | YesहाँHaan | NoनहींNahi | YesहाँHaan | NoनहींNahi |
Didn’t get this part?समझ नहीं आया?Samajh nahi aaya?
★ Yaad rakho — quick revision★ याद रखो — झटपट दोहराव★ Yaad rakho — quick revision
- Three tissue systems: epidermal, ground, vascular.तीन ऊतक तंत्र: बाह्यत्वचीय, भरण, संवहन।Epidermal, ground, vascular.
- Guard cells: bean-shaped (dumb-bell in grasses), thick inner wall, have chloroplasts.द्वार कोशिकाएँ: सेम-आकार (घास में डंबल), मोटी भीतरी भित्ति, हरितलवक युक्त।Guard cells: inner wall moti.
- Root hairs unicellular; stem trichomes usually multicellular.मूलरोम एककोशिकीय; तने के त्वचारोम प्रायः बहुकोशिकीय।Root hair 1 cell; trichome multi.
- Radial – roots; conjoint open – dicot stem; conjoint closed – monocot stem.अरीय – जड़; संयुक्त खुला – द्विबीजपत्री तना; संयुक्त बंद – एकबीजपत्री तना।Radial, open, closed.
- Endodermis: Casparian strips of suberin (root); starch sheath (dicot stem).अंतस्त्वचा: सुबेरिन की कैस्पेरी पट्टियाँ (जड़); मंड आच्छद (द्विबीजपत्री तना)।Casparian strips; starch sheath.
- Pericycle starts lateral roots and vascular cambium.परिरंभ से पार्श्व जड़ें और संवहन कैंबियम।Pericycle → lateral roots.
- Monocot stem: sclerenchymatous hypodermis, scattered closed bundles with sheath, no phloem parenchyma, water cavities.एकबीजपत्री तना: दृढ़ोतकी अधस्त्वचा, आच्छद सहित बिखरे बंद बंडल, फ्लोएम मृदूतक नहीं, जल गुहिकाएँ।Monocot stem ID points.
- Dorsiventral leaf: palisade + spongy, more stomata below; isobilateral: stomata both sides, no palisade/spongy, bulliform cells in grasses.पृष्ठाधारी: खंभ + स्पंजी, नीचे अधिक रंध्र; समद्विपार्श्विक: दोनों ओर रंध्र, विभेदन नहीं, घास में बुलीफ़ॉर्म।Dorsiventral vs isobilateral.
⚠ Common mistakes⚠ आम गलतियाँ⚠ Common mistakes
- Saying roots have cuticle — the cuticle is absent in roots.जड़ों में क्यूटिकल मानना — जड़ों में क्यूटिकल नहीं।Root mein cuticle nahi.
- Calling the dicot root bundle "conjoint" — root bundles are radial.द्विबीजपत्री जड़ के बंडल को "संयुक्त" कहना — जड़ में अरीय।Root bundles radial.
- Guard cell inner wall is thick, outer wall thin — not the reverse.द्वार कोशिका की भीतरी भित्ति मोटी, बाहरी पतली।Inner thick.
- Monocot root has a large pith; dicot root pith is small.एकबीजपत्री जड़ में मज्जा बड़ा; द्विबीजपत्री में छोटा।Monocot root – bada pith.
- Hypodermis of dicot stem is collenchyma; of monocot stem is sclerenchyma.द्विबीजपत्री तने की अधस्त्वचा स्थूलकोणोतक; एकबीजपत्री की दृढ़ोतक।Dicot collenchyma, monocot sclerenchyma.
✎ NCERT questions — short answers✎ NCERT प्रश्न — संक्षिप्त उत्तर✎ NCERT questions — short answers
NCERT exercises (tap a question to see the answer)NCERT अभ्यास (उत्तर देखने के लिए प्रश्न पर टैप करें)NCERT exercises (answer dekhne ke liye question par tap kijiye)
1. Draw illustrations to bring out the anatomical difference between (a) monocot root and dicot root (b) monocot stem and dicot stem.1. चित्रों द्वारा अंतर दिखाइए (a) एकबीजपत्री और द्विबीजपत्री जड़ (b) एकबीजपत्री और द्विबीजपत्री तना।1. Root aur stem differences diagrams se.
2. Cut a T.S. of a young stem from your school garden and observe it. How would you ascertain whether it is a monocot or a dicot stem? Give reasons.2. विद्यालय के बगीचे से नए तने की अनुप्रस्थ काट लेकर देखें। कैसे पहचानेंगे कि यह एकबीजपत्री है या द्विबीजपत्री? कारण दें।2. Monocot ya dicot stem kaise pehchaanein?
3. A T.S. shows: (a) vascular bundles conjoint, scattered and surrounded by sclerenchymatous bundle sheaths; (b) phloem parenchyma absent. What will you identify it as?3. एक अनुप्रस्थ काट में: (a) संवहन बंडल संयुक्त, बिखरे और दृढ़ोतकी बंडल आच्छद से घिरे; (b) फ्लोएम मृदूतक अनुपस्थित। आप इसे क्या पहचानेंगे?3. Ye kya hai?
4. What is stomatal apparatus? Explain the structure of stomata with a labelled diagram.4. रंध्री उपकरण क्या है? नामांकित चित्र सहित रंध्र की संरचना समझाइए।4. Stomatal apparatus aur stomata ki structure.
5. Name the three basic tissue systems in flowering plants. Give the tissue names under each.5. पुष्पी पादपों के तीन मूल ऊतक तंत्रों के नाम और उनके अंतर्गत ऊतक बताइए।5. Teen tissue systems aur unke tissues.
6. How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?6. पादप शारीरिकी का अध्ययन हमारे लिए कैसे उपयोगी है?6. Plant anatomy kyon useful?
7. Describe the internal structure of a dorsiventral leaf with the help of labelled diagrams.7. नामांकित चित्रों की सहायता से पृष्ठाधारी पत्ती की आंतरिक संरचना बताइए।7. Dorsiventral leaf ki structure.
🎯 Quiz — 13 questions🎯 क्विज़ — 13 प्रश्न🎯 Quiz — 13 questions
Tap an option. The answer and a short reason appear at once.किसी विकल्प पर टैप करें। उत्तर और छोटा कारण तुरंत दिखेगा।Kisi option par tap kijiye. Answer aur chhota reason turant dikhega.
1. Cuticle is absent in …क्यूटिकल किसमें नहीं होती?Cuticle kisme nahi?
2. Dumb-bell shaped guard cells occur in …डंबल-आकार द्वार कोशिकाएँ किसमें?Dumb-bell guard cells?
3. Pore + guard cells + subsidiary cells together form …छिद्र + द्वार + सहायक कोशिकाएँ मिलकर …Sab milkar?
4. Vascular bundles with cambium are called …कैंबियम वाले संवहन बंडल …Cambium wale bundles?
5. Radial vascular bundles are found in …अरीय संवहन बंडल किसमें?Radial bundles kahan?
6. Casparian strips are present in the …कैस्पेरी पट्टियाँ किसमें?Casparian strips?
7. Lateral roots arise from the …पार्श्व जड़ें कहाँ से निकलती हैं?Lateral roots kahan se?
8. A root with more than six xylem bundles and a large pith is a …छह से अधिक जाइलम और बड़ा मज्जा — कौन-सी जड़?6+ xylem, bada pith?
9. The endodermis of a dicot stem is also called …द्विबीजपत्री तने की अंतस्त्वचा को कहते हैं …Dicot stem endodermis?
10. Hypodermis of a dicot stem is made of …द्विबीजपत्री तने की अधस्त्वचा किससे बनी?Dicot hypodermis?
11. Water-containing cavities in vascular bundles are seen in …संवहन बंडलों में जल गुहिकाएँ किसमें?Water cavities kisme?
12. Bulliform cells help grass leaves to …बुलीफ़ॉर्म कोशिकाएँ घास की पत्तियों को …Bulliform cells kya karti?
13. Palisade parenchyma lies …खंभ मृदूतक कहाँ होता है?Palisade kahan?
Found a mistake?कोई गलती दिखी?Koi galti dikhi? Report a mistakeगलती बताइएGalti bataiye — we fix confirmed errors quickly.— पक्की गलतियाँ हम जल्दी ठीक करते हैं।— confirm galtiyan hum jaldi theek karte hain.
These are Simple Learning Hub's own study notes written to follow the NCERT Class 11 Biology textbook (2026-27 reprint of the rationalised edition) section by section; read them with the official NCERT chapter. Diagrams are original SLH drawings based on the NCERT figures they name.ये Simple Learning Hub के अपने स्टडी नोट्स हैं, जो NCERT कक्षा 11 जीव विज्ञान की किताब (2026-27) के हर अनुभाग के साथ लिखे गए हैं; इन्हें NCERT के आधिकारिक अध्याय के साथ पढ़िए। डायग्राम SLH के अपने बनाए चित्र हैं।Ye Simple Learning Hub ke apne study notes hain, jo NCERT Class 11 Biology ki kitaab (2026-27) ke har section ke saath likhe gaye hain; inhe NCERT ke official chapter ke saath padhiye. Diagrams SLH ki apni drawings hain.