Ch 5Morphology of Flowering Plantsपुष्पी पादपों की आकारिकीMorphology of Flowering Plants
Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed — with the Solanaceae family description and tappable diagrams.जड़, तना, पत्ती, पुष्पक्रम, पुष्प, फल और बीज — सोलैनेसी कुल के वर्णन और टैप करने वाले चित्रों के साथ।Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit aur seed — Solanaceae family aur tap wale diagrams ke saath.
Didn’t understand a paragraph? Tap it (or its Explain button) → Hindi / Hinglish / Simple English.कोई पैराग्राफ़ समझ नहीं आया? उस पर (या समझें बटन पर) टैप करें → अंग्रेज़ी / हिंग्लिश।Koi paragraph samajh nahi aaya? Us par (ya Samjho button par) tap kijiye → Hindi / English.
Diagrams in this chapterइस अध्याय के डायग्रामIs chapter ke diagrams
▶ Animate: phyllotaxy▶ एनिमेट: पर्णविन्यास▶ Animate: phyllotaxyAnimated · 3D
▶ Animate: regions of the root▶ एनिमेट: मूल के क्षेत्र▶ Animate: root ke regionsAnimated
Regions of the root tipमूल शीर्ष के क्षेत्रRegions of the root tipFig 5.3
Structure of a leafपत्ती की संरचनाStructure of a leafFig 5.4 (a)
Parts of a flowerपुष्प के भागParts of a flowerFig 5.10
Types of placentationबीजांडन्यास के प्रकारTypes of placentationFig 5.12
Structure of a dicotyledonous seed (gram/bean)द्विबीजपत्री बीज की संरचना (चना/सेम)Structure of a dicotyledonous seed (gram/bean)Fig 5.14
Structure of a monocotyledonous seed (maize, L.S.)एकबीजपत्री बीज की संरचना (मक्का, अनुदैर्ध्य काट)Structure of a monocotyledonous seed (maize, L.S.)Fig 5.15In this chapter (NCERT sections)इस अध्याय में (NCERT खंड)Is chapter mein (NCERT sections)
- 5.1The rootजड़ (मूल)The root
- 5.2The stemतनाThe stem
- 5.3The leafपत्तीThe leaf
- 5.4The inflorescenceपुष्पक्रमInflorescence
- 5.5The flowerपुष्पThe flower
- 5.6The fruitफलThe fruit
- 5.7The seedबीजThe seed
- 5.8Semi-technical description of a flowering plantपुष्पी पादप का अर्ध-तकनीकी वर्णनSemi-technical description
- 5.9Solanaceae (potato family)सोलैनेसी (आलू कुल)Solanaceae (potato family)
- ★Yaad rakho — quick revisionयाद रखो — झटपट दोहरावYaad rakho — quick revision
- ⚠Common mistakesआम गलतियाँCommon mistakes
- ✎NCERT questions — short answersNCERT प्रश्न — संक्षिप्त उत्तरNCERT questions — short answers
- 🎯Quizक्विज़Quiz
Morphology = study of the external form of plants. A flowering plant has an underground root system and an above-ground shoot system (stem, leaves, flowers, fruits). Standard technical terms let us describe any plant precisely.आकारिकी = पौधों के बाहरी स्वरूप का अध्ययन। पुष्पी पादप में भूमिगत मूल तंत्र और भूमि के ऊपर प्ररोह तंत्र (तना, पत्तियाँ, पुष्प, फल) होता है। मानक तकनीकी शब्द किसी भी पौधे का सटीक वर्णन करने देते हैं।Morphology = plant ka bahari roop. Flowering plant: zameen ke neeche root system, upar shoot system (stem, leaves, flowers, fruits).Morphology means the study of the outer form (shape and parts) of plants. A flowering plant has two parts. The root system is under the ground. The shoot system is above the ground — it has the stem, leaves, flowers and fruits. We use fixed technical words so that we can describe any plant exactly.
5.1The rootजड़ (मूल)The root
In most dicots, the radicle elongates into the primary root bearing secondary, tertiary roots → tap root system (mustard). In monocots the primary root is short-lived and replaced by many roots from the base of the stem → fibrous root system (wheat). Roots arising from parts other than the radicle are adventitious roots (grass, Monstera, banyan). Functions: absorption of water and minerals, anchorage, food storage, and synthesis of plant growth regulators. 3D root3Dअधिकतर द्विबीजपत्री में मूलांकुर लंबा होकर प्राथमिक मूल बनाता है जिस पर द्वितीयक, तृतीयक जड़ें → मूसला मूल तंत्र (सरसों)। एकबीजपत्री में प्राथमिक मूल अल्पजीवी, तने के आधार से अनेक जड़ें → रेशेदार (झकड़ा) मूल तंत्र (गेहूँ)। मूलांकुर के अलावा अन्य भागों से निकली जड़ें अपस्थानिक मूल (घास, मॉन्स्टेरा, बरगद)। कार्य: जल-खनिज अवशोषण, स्थिरीकरण, भोजन संचय और पादप वृद्धि नियामकों का संश्लेषण। 3D जड़3DDicots: radicle → primary root + branches = tap root (sarson). Monocots: primary root jaldi khatam, stem ke base se kai roots = fibrous (gehun). Radicle ke alawa kahin se = adventitious (ghaas, Monstera, bargad). Kaam: paani-minerals, pakad, food store, growth regulators. 3D root3DIn most dicots, the radicle (the baby root of the seed) grows longer and becomes the primary root. Smaller secondary and tertiary roots grow from it. Together they make a tap root system (mustard). In monocots, the primary root lives only a short time. Many roots grow from the base of the stem in its place. This is a fibrous root system (wheat). Roots that grow from any part other than the radicle are called adventitious roots (grass, Monstera, banyan). Jobs of roots: taking in water and minerals, anchorage (holding the plant firmly in the soil), storing food, and making plant growth regulators (plant hormones). 3D root3D
5.1.1Regions of the rootजड़ के क्षेत्रRoot ke regions
The apex is covered by a thimble-like root cap. A few mm above it is the region of meristematic activity (small, thin-walled cells with dense protoplasm, dividing repeatedly). Next the region of elongation (rapid elongation — growth in length), then the region of maturation, where some epidermal cells form root hairs that absorb water and minerals.शीर्ष अंगुलित्राण जैसे मूल गोप से ढका है। उससे कुछ मिमी ऊपर विभज्योतकी क्रिया क्षेत्र (छोटी, पतली भित्ति, सघन जीवद्रव्य, बार-बार विभाजन)। फिर दीर्घीकरण क्षेत्र (तेज़ी से लंबाई — लंबाई में वृद्धि), फिर परिपक्वन क्षेत्र, जहाँ कुछ बाह्यत्वचा कोशिकाएँ मूलरोम बनाती हैं जो जल और खनिज सोखते हैं।Tip par root cap; upar meristematic region (chhote dividing cells); phir elongation (lambai); phir maturation — yahan root hairs paani sokhte hain.The tip of the root is covered by a cap shaped like a thimble — the root cap. A few mm above it is the region of meristematic activity. Its cells are small and thin-walled, with thick protoplasm, and they divide again and again. Next comes the region of elongation, where cells grow longer quickly — so the root grows in length. Then comes the region of maturation. Here some outer (epidermal) cells form root hairs, which take in water and minerals.
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5.2The stemतनाThe stem
The ascending part of the axis bearing branches, leaves, flowers and fruits; develops from the plumule. It has nodes (where leaves arise) and internodes (between nodes), and terminal or axillary buds. Green when young, later often woody and dark brown. Functions: spreading out branches with leaves, flowers and fruits; conducting water, minerals and photosynthates; some stems store food, give support, protection and vegetative propagation. 3D stem3Dअक्ष का ऊपर बढ़ने वाला भाग जिस पर शाखाएँ, पत्तियाँ, पुष्प और फल; प्रांकुर से विकसित। इसमें पर्वसंधियाँ (गाँठें) (जहाँ पत्तियाँ निकलती हैं) और पर्व (गाँठों के बीच), तथा शीर्षस्थ या कक्षस्थ कलिकाएँ। नया हो तो हरा, बाद में प्रायः काष्ठीय और गहरा भूरा। कार्य: पत्तियों-पुष्पों-फलों वाली शाखाएँ फैलाना; जल, खनिज और प्रकाश-संश्लेषित पदार्थों का संवहन; कुछ तने भोजन संचय, सहारा, सुरक्षा और कायिक प्रवर्धन करते हैं। 3D तना3DAxis ka upar badhne wala hissa; plumule se banta. Nodes (yahan leaves) aur internodes; terminal/axillary buds. Kaam: shakhayein phailana, paani-minerals-food ka conduction; kuch tane store, support, vegetative propagation. 3D stem3DThe stem is the part of the plant axis that grows upward. It carries branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. It grows from the plumule (the baby shoot of the seed). It has nodes (points where leaves grow) and internodes (the parts between two nodes). It also has buds at the tip (terminal buds) or in the angle of leaves (axillary buds). A young stem is green; later it often becomes woody and dark brown. Jobs: spreading out the branches with leaves, flowers and fruits; conducting (carrying) water, minerals and food made in leaves (photosynthates). Some stems also store food, give support and protection, and help in vegetative propagation (growing new plants without seeds). 3D stem3D
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5.3The leafपत्तीThe leaf
A lateral, generally flattened structure borne at the node, with a bud in its axil (which becomes a branch). Leaves arise from shoot apical meristems in acropetal order and are the main organs of photosynthesis. Parts: leaf base (may bear two stipules; a sheath in monocots; swollen pulvinus in some legumes), petiole (holds the blade to light; long flexible petioles let blades flutter, cooling the leaf) and lamina with a midrib and veins (rigidity + transport). 3D leaf3Dपर्वसंधि पर लगी पार्श्व, प्रायः चपटी संरचना, जिसके कक्ष में कलिका होती है (जो शाखा बनती है)। पत्तियाँ प्ररोह शीर्षस्थ विभज्योतक से अग्राभिसारी क्रम में बनती हैं और प्रकाश-संश्लेषण के मुख्य अंग हैं। भाग: पर्णाधार (दो अनुपर्ण हो सकते हैं; एकबीजपत्री में आच्छद; कुछ लेग्यूम में फूला पल्वाइनस), पर्णवृंत (फलक को प्रकाश की ओर; लंबे लचीले वृंत पत्ती को हिलाकर ठंडा रखते हैं) और पर्णफलक जिसमें मध्यशिरा और शिराएँ (दृढ़ता + परिवहन)। 3D पत्ती3DNode par lagi chapti structure, axil mein bud. Acropetal order; photosynthesis ka main organ. Parts: leaf base (+ stipules; monocot mein sheath; pulvinus), petiole, lamina (midrib, veins). 3D leaf3DA leaf is a flat structure that grows from the side of the stem at a node. It has a bud in its axil (the angle between leaf and stem), and this bud later becomes a branch. Leaves come from the shoot tip meristem in acropetal order (older leaves below, younger ones near the tip). They are the main organs of photosynthesis. Parts of a leaf: the leaf base — it may have two small side leaves called stipules; in monocots it forms a sheath; in some legumes it is swollen and called a pulvinus. The petiole (leaf stalk) holds the blade towards light; a long, bendy petiole lets the blade flutter in the wind, which cools the leaf. The lamina (leaf blade) has a midrib and veins, which make it stiff and carry water and food. 3D leaf3D
5.3.1Venationशिराविन्यासVenation
Arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina. Veinlets forming a network = reticulate (most dicots); veins running parallel = parallel (most monocots).पर्णफलक में शिराओं और शिरिकाओं की व्यवस्था। जाल बनाएँ = जालिकावत (अधिकतर द्विबीजपत्री); समानांतर चलें = समानांतर (अधिकतर एकबीजपत्री)।Veins ki arrangement. Jaal = reticulate (dicots); parallel = parallel (monocots).Venation means how the veins and small veins (veinlets) are arranged in the leaf blade. If the veinlets make a net, it is reticulate venation (most dicots). If the veins run side by side (parallel), it is parallel venation (most monocots).
5.3.2Types of leavesपत्तियों के प्रकारLeaves ke types
Simple — lamina entire, or incisions do not reach the midrib. Compound — incisions reach the midrib, dividing it into leaflets. A bud is present in the axil of the petiole of both, but not in the axil of leaflets. Pinnately compound — leaflets on a common axis, the rachis (represents the midrib) — neem. Palmately compound — leaflets attached at a common point, the tip of the petiole — silk cotton.सरल — फलक अछिन्न, या कटाव मध्यशिरा तक नहीं पहुँचते। संयुक्त — कटाव मध्यशिरा तक पहुँचकर पर्णकों में बाँट देते हैं। दोनों में पर्णवृंत के कक्ष में कलिका होती है, पर पर्णकों के कक्ष में नहीं। पिच्छाकार संयुक्त — पर्णक एक साझा अक्ष रैकिस (मध्यशिरा का प्रतिरूप) पर — नीम। हस्ताकार संयुक्त — पर्णक एक बिंदु, पर्णवृंत के सिरे पर — सेमल (रेशमी कपास)।Simple — kataav midrib tak nahi. Compound — midrib tak, leaflets ban jaate. Bud petiole ke axil mein hota, leaflet ke axil mein nahi. Pinnate — rachis par leaflets (neem). Palmate — petiole ke tip par ek point se (semal).A simple leaf has a whole blade, or its cuts do not reach the midrib. In a compound leaf, the cuts reach the midrib and divide the blade into small parts called leaflets. Both kinds have a bud in the axil of the petiole, but there is no bud in the axil of the leaflets. (This is how we tell a compound leaf from a branch.) Pinnately compound: leaflets are on a common central stalk, the rachis (which stands for the midrib) — neem. Palmately compound: leaflets are joined at one common point, the tip of the petiole — silk cotton.
5.3.3Phyllotaxyपर्णविन्यासPhyllotaxy
Arrangement of leaves on the stem: alternate — one leaf per node (china rose, mustard, sunflower); opposite — a pair at each node, opposite each other (Calotropis, guava); whorled — more than two leaves at a node forming a whorl (Alstonia).तने पर पत्तियों की व्यवस्था: एकांतर — हर गाँठ पर एक पत्ती (गुड़हल, सरसों, सूरजमुखी); सम्मुख — हर गाँठ पर आमने-सामने एक जोड़ी (कैलोट्रोपिस/आक, अमरूद); चक्करदार — एक गाँठ पर दो से अधिक पत्तियाँ (एल्स्टोनिया)।Alternate — har node par ek (gudhal, sarson, surajmukhi); opposite — ek jodi aamne-saamne (aak, amrood); whorled — 2 se zyada (Alstonia).Phyllotaxy means how leaves are arranged on the stem. Alternate: one leaf at each node (china rose, mustard, sunflower). Opposite: two leaves at each node, facing each other (Calotropis, guava). Whorled: more than two leaves at one node, forming a ring (Alstonia).
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5.4The inflorescenceपुष्पक्रमInflorescence
A flower is a modified shoot: the shoot apical meristem becomes a floral meristem, internodes do not elongate and the axis is condensed; floral appendages form at successive nodes. A shoot tip transformed into a flower is always solitary. Inflorescence = arrangement of flowers on the floral axis. Racemose — main axis continues to grow, flowers borne laterally in acropetal succession (oldest at base). Cymose — main axis ends in a flower, so growth is limited; flowers in basipetal order.पुष्प एक रूपांतरित प्ररोह है: प्ररोह शीर्षस्थ विभज्योतक पुष्पी विभज्योतक बन जाता है, पर्व लंबे नहीं होते, अक्ष संघनित; क्रमिक गाँठों पर पुष्पी उपांग बनते हैं। पुष्प में बदला प्ररोह शीर्ष सदा एकल होता है। पुष्पक्रम = पुष्पी अक्ष पर पुष्पों की व्यवस्था। असीमाक्षी (रेसीमोस) — मुख्य अक्ष बढ़ता रहता है, पुष्प पार्श्व में अग्राभिसारी क्रम में (सबसे पुराना आधार पर)। ससीमाक्षी (साइमोस) — मुख्य अक्ष पुष्प में समाप्त, वृद्धि सीमित; पुष्प तलाभिसारी क्रम में।Flower = modified shoot. Shoot tip flower bane to hamesha solitary. Racemose — axis badhta rehta, flowers acropetal (purana neeche). Cymose — axis flower par khatam, flowers basipetal.A flower is a changed (modified) shoot. The shoot tip meristem turns into a floral meristem. The internodes do not grow longer, so the axis becomes short and packed. The flower parts form at the nodes, one after another. When a shoot tip turns into a flower, the flower is always solitary (single). Inflorescence means how flowers are arranged on the flower stalk (floral axis). Racemose: the main axis keeps on growing, and flowers form on its sides in acropetal order (oldest at the bottom). Cymose: the main axis ends in a flower, so its growth is limited; flowers come in basipetal order (oldest at the top).
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5.5The flowerपुष्पThe flower
The reproductive unit of angiosperms. Four whorls on the swollen end of the pedicel — the thalamus (receptacle): calyx, corolla (accessory) and androecium, gynoecium (reproductive). When calyx and corolla are not distinct (lily) they are called perianth. With both androecium and gynoecium = bisexual; only stamens or only carpels = unisexual.एंजियोस्पर्म की जनन इकाई। पुष्पवृंत के फूले सिरे — पुष्पासन — पर चार चक्र: बाह्यदलपुंज, दलपुंज (सहायक) और पुमंग, जायांग (जनन)। बाह्यदल-दल अलग न दिखें (लिली) तो परिदलपुंज। दोनों पुमंग-जायांग = द्विलिंगी; केवल पुंकेसर या केवल अंडप = एकलिंगी।Angiosperm ki reproductive unit. Thalamus par 4 whorls. Calyx-corolla alag na hon (lily) = perianth. Dono = bisexual; ek = unisexual.The flower is the reproductive unit of angiosperms. It has four rings (whorls) of parts on the swollen end of the flower stalk (pedicel), called the thalamus (receptacle). Calyx and corolla are the helping (accessory) whorls. Androecium (male) and gynoecium (female) are the reproductive whorls. When the calyx and corolla look alike and cannot be told apart (lily), together they are called the perianth. A flower with both androecium and gynoecium is bisexual. A flower with only stamens or only carpels is unisexual.
Symmetry: actinomorphic (radial) — divisible into two equal halves by any radial plane (mustard, datura, chilli); zygomorphic (bilateral) — only one vertical plane (pea, gulmohur, bean, Cassia); asymmetric (irregular) — no plane (canna). Trimerous, tetramerous, pentamerous = parts in multiples of 3, 4, 5. Bracteate — with a bract (reduced leaf at the base of the pedicel); ebracteate — without.सममिति: त्रिज्यसममित (एक्टिनोमॉर्फिक) — किसी भी त्रिज्य तल से दो समान भाग (सरसों, धतूरा, मिर्च); एकव्याससममित (ज़ाइगोमॉर्फिक) — केवल एक ऊर्ध्व तल (मटर, गुलमोहर, सेम, कैसिया); असममित — कोई तल नहीं (कैना)। त्रितयी, चतुष्टयी, पंचतयी = भाग 3, 4, 5 के गुणज। सहपत्री — सहपत्र (पुष्पवृंत के आधार पर ह्रासित पत्ती) सहित; असहपत्री — बिना।Actinomorphic — koi bhi plane (sarson, dhatura, mirch); zygomorphic — sirf ek (matar, gulmohar, sem, Cassia); asymmetric (canna). Trimerous/tetramerous/pentamerous. Bracteate — bract ke saath.Symmetry: An actinomorphic (radial) flower can be cut into two equal halves by any plane through the centre (mustard, datura, chilli). A zygomorphic (bilateral) flower can be cut into two equal halves by only one vertical plane (pea, gulmohur, bean, Cassia). An asymmetric (irregular) flower cannot be cut into equal halves by any plane (canna). Flowers are trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous when their parts come in multiples of 3, 4 or 5. A bracteate flower has a bract (a small reduced leaf at the base of the flower stalk); an ebracteate flower has none.
Position of the ovary: hypogynous — gynoecium highest, other parts below → superior ovary (mustard, china rose, brinjal). Perigynous — gynoecium in the centre, other parts on the rim of the thalamus at almost the same level → half-inferior ovary (plum, rose, peach). Epigynous — thalamus margin grows up, encloses and fuses with the ovary; other parts arise above it → inferior ovary (guava, cucumber, ray florets of sunflower).अंडाशय की स्थिति: अधोजायांगी — जायांग सबसे ऊपर, अन्य भाग नीचे → ऊर्ध्ववर्ती अंडाशय (सरसों, गुड़हल, बैंगन)। परिजायांगी — जायांग केंद्र में, अन्य भाग पुष्पासन के किनारे पर लगभग समान स्तर → अर्ध-अधोवर्ती अंडाशय (आलूबुखारा, गुलाब, आड़ू)। अधिजायांगी — पुष्पासन का किनारा ऊपर बढ़कर अंडाशय को घेरकर जुड़ जाता है; अन्य भाग उसके ऊपर → अधोवर्ती अंडाशय (अमरूद, खीरा, सूरजमुखी के रश्मि पुष्पक)।Hypogynous — ovary sabse upar → superior (sarson, gudhal, baingan). Perigynous — rim par same level → half-inferior (plum, gulab, aadu). Epigynous — thalamus ovary ko gher ke jud jaata → inferior (amrood, kheera, surajmukhi ke ray florets).Position of the ovary: Hypogynous — the gynoecium is at the highest point and the other parts are below it. The ovary is superior (mustard, china rose, brinjal). Perigynous — the gynoecium is in the centre, and the other parts sit on the rim of the thalamus at almost the same level. The ovary is half-inferior (plum, rose, peach). Epigynous — the edge of the thalamus grows up, covers the ovary and joins with it. The other parts grow above the ovary. The ovary is inferior (guava, cucumber, ray florets of sunflower).
5.5.1Parts of a flowerपुष्प के भागFlower ke parts
Calyx — outermost whorl of sepals; green, leaf-like, protect the bud; gamosepalous (united) or polysepalous (free). Corolla — petals, brightly coloured to attract insects; gamopetalous or polypetalous; tubular, bell-, funnel- or wheel-shaped. 3D china rose flower3Dबाह्यदलपुंज — बाह्यदलों का सबसे बाहरी चक्र; हरा, पत्ती जैसा, कली की रक्षा; संयुक्त बाह्यदली या पृथक बाह्यदली। दलपुंज — दल, कीटों को आकर्षित करने हेतु चमकीले; संयुक्त दली या पृथक दली; नलिकाकार, घंटी-, कीप- या चक्र-आकार। 3D गुड़हल का फूल3DCalyx — sepals, hare, bud bachate; gamo-/polysepalous. Corolla — rangeen petals, insects ko bulate; gamo-/polypetalous. 3D gudhal ka phool3DCalyx is the outermost ring, made of sepals. Sepals are green and leaf-like and protect the flower bud. They can be joined (gamosepalous) or free (polysepalous). Corolla is made of petals. Petals are brightly coloured to attract insects. They can be joined (gamopetalous) or free (polypetalous). The corolla can be shaped like a tube, a bell, a funnel or a wheel. 3D china rose flower3D
Aestivation — arrangement of sepals/petals in the bud: valvate — margins just touch, no overlap (Calotropis); twisted — one margin overlaps the next in one direction (china rose, lady’s finger, cotton); imbricate — overlap in no particular direction (Cassia, gulmohur); vexillary (papilionaceous) — five petals: the largest standard overlaps two lateral wings, which overlap two smallest anterior petals, the keel (pea, bean).पुष्पदल विन्यास — कली में बाह्यदलों/दलों की व्यवस्था: कोरस्पर्शी — किनारे केवल छूते हैं (कैलोट्रोपिस); व्यावर्तित — एक किनारा अगले पर एक ही दिशा में (गुड़हल, भिंडी, कपास); कोरछादी — किसी निश्चित दिशा के बिना ढकाव (कैसिया, गुलमोहर); ध्वजीय (पैपिलियोनेसियस) — पाँच दल: सबसे बड़ा ध्वज (स्टैंडर्ड) दो पार्श्व पंख (विंग्स) को ढकता है, वे दो सबसे छोटे अग्र दलों नौतल (कील) को (मटर, सेम)।Aestivation: valvate — sirf chhoote (aak); twisted — ek disha mein overlap (gudhal, bhindi, kapas); imbricate — koi fixed disha nahi (Cassia, gulmohar); vexillary — standard > wings > keel (matar, sem).Aestivation means how sepals or petals are arranged in the flower bud. Valvate: the edges just touch each other and do not overlap (Calotropis). Twisted: the edge of one part overlaps the next one, all in one direction (china rose, lady’s finger, cotton). Imbricate: the edges overlap, but not in any fixed direction (Cassia, gulmohur). Vexillary (papilionaceous): there are five petals. The biggest one, the standard, covers the two side petals, the wings. The wings cover the two smallest front petals, which form the keel (pea, bean).
Androecium — stamens; each = filament + anther (usually bilobed, each lobe with two pollen-sacs). A sterile stamen = staminode. Epipetalous — attached to petals (brinjal); epiphyllous — attached to perianth (lily). Free = polyandrous; united in one bundle = monoadelphous (china rose), two = diadelphous (pea), more than two = polyadelphous (citrus). Filament lengths may vary (Salvia, mustard).पुमंग — पुंकेसर; प्रत्येक = पुंतंतु + परागकोश (प्रायः द्विपालित, हर पालि में दो परागपुट)। बंध्य पुंकेसर = पुंकेसराभ। दललग्न — दलों से जुड़े (बैंगन); परिदललग्न — परिदल से (लिली)। मुक्त = बहुपुंकेसरी; एक गुच्छ = एकसंघी (गुड़हल), दो = द्विसंघी (मटर), दो से अधिक = बहुसंघी (नींबू वंश)। पुंतंतु की लंबाई भिन्न हो सकती है (साल्विया, सरसों)।Androecium — stamens = filament + anther (2 lobes × 2 pollen-sacs). Sterile = staminode. Epipetalous (baingan), epiphyllous (lily). Monoadelphous (gudhal), diadelphous (matar), polyadelphous (citrus).Androecium is made of stamens (male parts). Each stamen has a stalk, the filament, and a top part, the anther. The anther usually has two lobes, and each lobe has two pollen-sacs. A stamen that makes no pollen (sterile) is called a staminode. Stamens joined to petals are epipetalous (brinjal). Stamens joined to the perianth are epiphyllous (lily). Free stamens are polyandrous. Stamens joined in one bundle are monoadelphous (china rose), in two bundles diadelphous (pea), and in more than two bundles polyadelphous (citrus). The filaments may be of different lengths (Salvia, mustard).
Gynoecium — female part of one or more carpels; each carpel = stigma, style, ovary. Ovules are attached to a cushion-like placenta. Carpels free = apocarpous (lotus, rose); fused = syncarpous (mustard, tomato). After fertilisation, ovules → seeds, ovary → fruit.जायांग — एक या अधिक अंडपों से बना मादा भाग; हर अंडप = वर्तिकाग्र, वर्तिका, अंडाशय। बीजांड गद्दी जैसे बीजांडासन से जुड़े। अंडप मुक्त = पृथक-अंडपी (कमल, गुलाब); जुड़े = युक्त-अंडपी (सरसों, टमाटर)। निषेचन के बाद बीजांड → बीज, अंडाशय → फल।Gynoecium — carpels: stigma, style, ovary. Ovules placenta par. Alag = apocarpous (kamal, gulab); jude = syncarpous (sarson, tamatar).Gynoecium is the female part of the flower. It is made of one or more carpels. Each carpel has three parts: stigma, style and ovary. Ovules are attached to a cushion-like tissue called the placenta. If the carpels are free, the gynoecium is apocarpous (lotus, rose). If they are joined, it is syncarpous (mustard, tomato). After fertilisation, the ovules become seeds and the ovary becomes the fruit.
Placentation — arrangement of ovules in the ovary: marginal (ridge along the ventral suture, two rows — pea), axile (axial placenta, multilocular ovary — china rose, tomato, lemon), parietal (on the inner wall; one chamber becomes two by a false septum — mustard, Argemone), free central (central axis, no septa — Dianthus, Primrose), basal (single ovule at the base — sunflower, marigold).बीजांडन्यास — अंडाशय में बीजांडों की व्यवस्था: सीमांत (अधर सीवन पर कटक, दो पंक्तियाँ — मटर), स्तंभीय (अक्षीय बीजांडासन, बहुकोष्ठी — गुड़हल, टमाटर, नींबू), भित्तीय (भीतरी भित्ति पर; आभासी पट से एक कोष्ठ दो — सरसों, आर्जीमोन), मुक्त स्तंभीय (केंद्रीय अक्ष, पट नहीं — डायंथस, प्रिमरोज़), आधारी (आधार पर एक बीजांड — सूरजमुखी, गेंदा)।Placentation: marginal (matar), axile (gudhal, tamatar, nimbu), parietal (false septum — sarson, Argemone), free central (Dianthus), basal (surajmukhi, genda).Placentation means how ovules are arranged inside the ovary. marginal: the placenta is a ridge along the front (ventral) seam, with ovules in two rows (pea). axile: the placenta is in the centre axis, and the ovary has many chambers (china rose, tomato, lemon). parietal: ovules are on the inner wall of the ovary; the ovary has one chamber that becomes two because of a false septum (false wall) (mustard, Argemone). free central: ovules are on a central axis, and there are no walls (septa) (Dianthus, Primrose). basal: a single ovule is attached at the bottom of the ovary (sunflower, marigold).
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5.6The fruitफलThe fruit
A mature or ripened ovary developed after fertilisation; formed without fertilisation = parthenocarpic fruit. A fruit = wall (pericarp) + seeds. A thick fleshy pericarp has outer epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp. Mango and coconut are drupes — from monocarpellary superior ovaries, one-seeded. Mango: thin epicarp, fleshy edible mesocarp, stony hard endocarp; coconut: fibrous mesocarp.निषेचन के बाद विकसित परिपक्व अंडाशय; बिना निषेचन बना फल = अनिषेकफलित फल। फल = भित्ति (फलभित्ति) + बीज। मोटी गूदेदार फलभित्ति में बाहरी बाह्यफलभित्ति, मध्य मध्यफलभित्ति और भीतरी अंतःफलभित्ति। आम और नारियल अष्ठिल (ड्रूप) हैं — एकांडपी ऊर्ध्ववर्ती अंडाशय से, एक बीज वाले। आम: पतली बाह्य, गूदेदार खाने योग्य मध्य, कठोर पथरीली अंतः फलभित्ति; नारियल: रेशेदार मध्यफलभित्ति।Pakka ovary (fertilisation ke baad); bina fertilisation = parthenocarpic. Pericarp = epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp. Aam, nariyal = drupe — monocarpellary superior ovary, ek beej. Aam: khaane wala mesocarp, kathor endocarp; nariyal: fibrous mesocarp.A fruit is a mature (ripened) ovary that forms after fertilisation. If a fruit forms without fertilisation, it is a parthenocarpic fruit. A fruit has a wall, the pericarp, and seeds. A thick, fleshy pericarp has three layers: the outer epicarp, the middle mesocarp and the inner endocarp. Mango and coconut are drupes. They form from a monocarpellary superior ovary (one carpel, superior position) and have one seed. In mango, the epicarp is thin, the mesocarp is fleshy and edible, and the endocarp is hard like stone. In coconut, the mesocarp is fibrous (the coir).
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5.7The seedबीजThe seed
Ovules develop into seeds. A seed = seed coat + embryo (radicle, embryonal axis, and one cotyledon — wheat, maize — or two — gram, pea). 3D seed3Dबीजांड बीज बनते हैं। बीज = बीजचोल + भ्रूण (मूलांकुर, भ्रूणीय अक्ष और एक बीजपत्र — गेहूँ, मक्का — या दो — चना, मटर)। 3D बीज3DOvule → seed. Seed = seed coat + embryo (radicle, axis, 1 cotyledon — gehun, makka — ya 2 — chana, matar). 3D seed3DAfter fertilisation, ovules grow into seeds. A seed has a seed coat and an embryo. The embryo has a radicle, an embryonal axis, and either one cotyledon (seed leaf) — as in wheat and maize — or two cotyledons — as in gram and pea. 3D seed3D
5.7.1Structure of a dicotyledonous seedद्विबीजपत्री बीज की संरचनाDicot seed
The seed coat has an outer testa and inner tegmen. The hilum is the scar where the seed was attached to the fruit; above it is a small pore, the micropyle. Inside: the embryo — an embryonal axis with radicle and plumule at its ends, and two fleshy cotyledons full of reserve food. Endospermic (castor — endosperm from double fertilisation stores food) vs non-endospermous (bean, gram, pea).बीजचोल में बाहरी बाह्य कवच (टेस्टा) और भीतरी अंतः कवच (टेगमेन)। नाभिका वह चिह्न है जहाँ बीज फल से जुड़ा था; उसके ऊपर छोटा छिद्र बीजांडद्वार। भीतर भ्रूण — भ्रूणीय अक्ष जिसके सिरों पर मूलांकुर और प्रांकुर, तथा संचित भोजन से भरे दो मांसल बीजपत्र। भ्रूणपोषी (अरंड — द्विनिषेचन से बना भ्रूणपोष भोजन संचित करता है) बनाम अभ्रूणपोषी (सेम, चना, मटर)।Seed coat = testa + tegmen; hilum (fruit se juda nishaan), micropyle. Andar axis (radicle, plumule) + do cotyledons. Endospermic (arandi) vs non-endospermous (sem, chana, matar).Dicot seed: The seed coat has two layers — the outer testa and the inner tegmen. The hilum is a scar where the seed was attached to the fruit. Above it is a tiny hole, the micropyle. Inside is the embryo. It has an embryonal axis with the radicle (future root) at one end and the plumule (future shoot) at the other. It also has two thick, fleshy cotyledons full of stored food. In endospermic seeds like castor, the endosperm (formed by double fertilisation) stores food. In non-endospermous seeds like bean, gram and pea, there is no endosperm in the mature seed.
5.7.2Structure of a monocotyledonous seedएकबीजपत्री बीज की संरचनाMonocot seed
Monocot seeds are generally endospermic (orchids are non-endospermic). In cereals like maize the membranous seed coat is fused with the fruit wall (seed coat & fruit wall). The bulky endosperm stores food; a proteinous aleurone layer separates it from the embryo. The small embryo lies in a groove at one end: one large shield-shaped cotyledon, the scutellum, and a short axis with plumule and radicle, enclosed in sheaths — coleoptile and coleorhiza.एकबीजपत्री बीज प्रायः भ्रूणपोषी (ऑर्किड अभ्रूणपोषी)। मक्का जैसे अनाजों में झिल्लीनुमा बीजचोल फल भित्ति से जुड़ा (बीजचोल और फल भित्ति)। बड़ा भ्रूणपोष भोजन संचित करता है; प्रोटीनी एल्यूरोन परत इसे भ्रूण से अलग करती है। छोटा भ्रूण एक सिरे की खाँच में: एक बड़ा ढाल जैसा बीजपत्र स्कुटेलम, और छोटा अक्ष जिसके प्रांकुर और मूलांकुर आवरणों — प्रांकुरचोल और मूलांकुरचोल — में बंद।Monocot seeds mostly endospermic (orchid nahi). Makka mein seed coat + fruit wall jude; bada endosperm; aleurone layer. Embryo: scutellum, plumule coleoptile mein, radicle coleorhiza mein.Monocot seeds are usually endospermic (but orchid seeds are non-endospermic). In cereals like maize, the thin seed coat is joined with the fruit wall. The big endosperm stores food. A protein-rich layer, the aleurone layer, separates the endosperm from the embryo. The small embryo lies in a groove at one end. It has one large, shield-shaped cotyledon called the scutellum, and a short axis with a plumule and a radicle. The plumule is covered by a sheath called the coleoptile, and the radicle by a sheath called the coleorhiza. 👉 seed coat & fruit wall
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5.8Semi-technical description of a flowering plantपुष्पी पादप का अर्ध-तकनीकी वर्णनSemi-technical description
Describe briefly, in simple scientific language and in sequence: habit → vegetative characters (root, stem, leaves) → floral characters (inflorescence, flower parts), then a floral diagram and floral formula. Symbols: Br bracteate, K calyx, C corolla, P perianth, A androecium, G gynoecium (a line below G = superior ovary, above G = inferior), ⚥ bisexual, ♂ male, ♀ female, ⊕ actinomorphic, % zygomorphic. Fusion = number in brackets; adhesion = a line drawn above the symbols. In a floral diagram the mother axis is a dot at the top; whorls from calyx (outermost) to gynoecium (centre). Mustard (Brassicaceae): ⊕ ⚥ K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2).संक्षेप में, सरल वैज्ञानिक भाषा और क्रम में: स्वभाव → कायिक लक्षण (जड़, तना, पत्ती) → पुष्पी लक्षण (पुष्पक्रम, पुष्प के भाग), फिर पुष्प आरेख और पुष्प सूत्र। संकेत: Br सहपत्री, K बाह्यदलपुंज, C दलपुंज, P परिदलपुंज, A पुमंग, G जायांग (G के नीचे रेखा = ऊर्ध्ववर्ती, ऊपर = अधोवर्ती अंडाशय), ⚥ द्विलिंगी, ♂ नर, ♀ मादा, ⊕ त्रिज्यसममित, % एकव्याससममित। संयोजन = संख्या कोष्ठक में; आसंजन = संकेतों के ऊपर रेखा। पुष्प आरेख में मातृ अक्ष ऊपर बिंदु से; चक्र बाहर बाह्यदलपुंज से केंद्र में जायांग तक। सरसों (ब्रैसीकेसी): ⊕ ⚥ K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2)।Order: habit → root, stem, leaves → inflorescence, flower, phir floral diagram aur floral formula. Symbols: Br, K, C, P, A, G (neeche line = superior), ⚥, ♂, ♀, ⊕, %. Fusion = bracket; adhesion = upar line. Mother axis = upar dot. Sarson: ⊕ ⚥ K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2).How to describe a flowering plant: Use short, simple scientific language, in this order: habit → vegetative characters (root, stem, leaves) → floral characters (inflorescence, flower parts). Then draw a floral diagram and write the floral formula. Symbols: Br = bracteate, K = calyx, C = corolla, P = perianth, A = androecium, G = gynoecium (a line below G means a superior ovary; a line above G means an inferior ovary), ⚥ = bisexual, ♂ = male, ♀ = female, ⊕ = actinomorphic, % = zygomorphic. Fusion (parts of the same whorl joined) is shown by putting the number in brackets. Adhesion (parts of different whorls joined) is shown by a line drawn above the symbols. In a floral diagram, the mother axis is shown as a dot at the top. The whorls are drawn from the calyx (outermost) to the gynoecium (centre). Mustard (Brassicaceae): ⊕ ⚥ K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2).
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5.9Solanaceae (potato family)सोलैनेसी (आलू कुल)Solanaceae (potato family)
| Featureलक्षणFeature | SolanaceaeसोलैनेसीSolanaceae |
|---|---|
| Habitस्वभावHabit | Mostly herbs, shrubs, rarely small trees; tropics to temperateअधिकतर शाक, झाड़ी, कभी छोटे वृक्ष; उष्णकटिबंध से शीतोष्णHerbs, shrubs |
| StemतनाStem | Herbaceous, rarely woody, erect, branched; underground tuber in potato (Solanum tuberosum)शाकीय, कभी काष्ठीय, सीधा, शाखित; आलू में भूमिगत कंदHerbaceous; aloo mein underground |
| Leavesपत्तियाँLeaves | Alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate; reticulate venationएकांतर, सरल, कभी पिच्छाकार संयुक्त, अनुपर्णरहित; जालिकावतAlternate, simple, exstipulate |
| Inflorescenceपुष्पक्रमInflorescence | Solitary, axillary or cymose (Solanum)एकल, कक्षस्थ या ससीमाक्षीSolitary/cymose |
| Flowerपुष्पFlower | Bisexual, actinomorphicद्विलिंगी, त्रिज्यसममितBisexual, actinomorphic |
| Calyxबाह्यदलपुंजCalyx | Sepals 5, united, persistent, valvate5, संयुक्त, चिरलग्न, कोरस्पर्शी5, united, persistent |
| CorollaदलपुंजCorolla | Petals 5, united, valvate5, संयुक्त, कोरस्पर्शी5, united |
| AndroeciumपुमंगAndroecium | Stamens 5, epipetalous5, दललग्न5, epipetalous |
| GynoeciumजायांगGynoecium | Bicarpellary, obliquely placed, syncarpous; ovary superior, bilocular; swollen placenta with many ovules — axileद्विअंडपी, तिरछे स्थित, युक्तांडपी; अंडाशय ऊर्ध्ववर्ती, द्विकोष्ठी; फूला बीजांडासन, अनेक बीजांड — स्तंभीयBicarpellary, syncarpous, superior, axile |
| Fruit / seedफल / बीजFruit / seed | Berry or capsule; seeds many, endospermousबेरी या संपुट; बीज अनेक, भ्रूणपोषीBerry/capsule; many seeds |
| Floral formulaपुष्प सूत्रFloral formula | ⊕ ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2) — stamens adhered to corolla, ovary superior⊕ ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2) — पुंकेसर दलों से संलग्न, अंडाशय ऊर्ध्ववर्ती⊕ ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2) |
Economic importance: food (tomato, brinjal, potato), spice (chilli), medicine (belladonna, ashwagandha), fumigatory (tobacco), ornamental (petunia). Type plant in NCERT: Solanum nigrum (makoi).आर्थिक महत्व: भोजन (टमाटर, बैंगन, आलू), मसाला (मिर्च), औषधि (बेलाडोना, अश्वगंधा), धूम्रक (तंबाकू), सजावटी (पिटूनिया)। NCERT में उदाहरण पौधा: सोलेनम नाइग्रम (मकोय)।Economic importance: tamatar, baingan, aloo; mirch; belladonna, ashwagandha; tambaakoo; petunia. NCERT plant: Solanum nigrum (makoi).Economic importance (Solanaceae): These plants give us food (tomato, brinjal, potato), spice (chilli) and medicines (belladonna, ashwagandha). Tobacco is used for fumigation (smoke), and petunia is grown for its beautiful flowers (ornamental). The type plant in NCERT is Solanum nigrum (makoi).
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★ Yaad rakho — quick revision★ याद रखो — झटपट दोहराव★ Yaad rakho — quick revision
- Tap root – dicots (mustard); fibrous – monocots (wheat); adventitious – grass, Monstera, banyan.मूसला – द्विबीजपत्री (सरसों); रेशेदार – एकबीजपत्री (गेहूँ); अपस्थानिक – घास, मॉन्स्टेरा, बरगद।Tap – sarson; fibrous – gehun; adventitious – bargad.
- Root tip from below: cap → meristematic → elongation → maturation (root hairs).मूल शीर्ष नीचे से: गोप → विभज्योतकी → दीर्घीकरण → परिपक्वन (मूलरोम)।Cap → meristem → elongation → maturation.
- Phyllotaxy: alternate (china rose), opposite (Calotropis, guava), whorled (Alstonia).पर्णविन्यास: एकांतर (गुड़हल), सम्मुख (आक, अमरूद), चक्करदार (एल्स्टोनिया)।Alternate, opposite, whorled.
- Racemose = acropetal, axis grows on; cymose = basipetal, axis ends in a flower.असीमाक्षी = अग्राभिसारी, अक्ष बढ़ता; ससीमाक्षी = तलाभिसारी, अक्ष पुष्प में समाप्त।Racemose acropetal; cymose basipetal.
- Hypogynous – superior; perigynous – half-inferior; epigynous – inferior ovary.अधोजायांगी – ऊर्ध्ववर्ती; परिजायांगी – अर्ध-अधोवर्ती; अधिजायांगी – अधोवर्ती।Hypo – superior; peri – half-inferior; epi – inferior.
- Aestivation: valvate (Calotropis), twisted (china rose, cotton), imbricate (Cassia, gulmohur), vexillary (pea, bean).पुष्पदल विन्यास: कोरस्पर्शी (आक), व्यावर्तित (गुड़हल, कपास), कोरछादी (कैसिया, गुलमोहर), ध्वजीय (मटर, सेम)।Valvate, twisted, imbricate, vexillary.
- Stamens: monoadelphous (china rose), diadelphous (pea), polyadelphous (citrus); epipetalous (brinjal).पुंकेसर: एकसंघी (गुड़हल), द्विसंघी (मटर), बहुसंघी (नींबू); दललग्न (बैंगन)।Mono-, di-, polyadelphous.
- Placentation: marginal (pea), axile (china rose, tomato, lemon), parietal (mustard), free central (Dianthus), basal (sunflower).बीजांडन्यास: सीमांत (मटर), स्तंभीय (गुड़हल, टमाटर, नींबू), भित्तीय (सरसों), मुक्त स्तंभीय (डायंथस), आधारी (सूरजमुखी)।Marginal, axile, parietal, free central, basal.
- Solanaceae: ⊕ ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), epipetalous stamens, superior bilocular ovary, axile, swollen placenta.सोलैनेसी: ⊕ ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2), दललग्न पुंकेसर, ऊर्ध्ववर्ती द्विकोष्ठी अंडाशय, स्तंभीय, फूला बीजांडासन।Solanaceae formula yaad karo.
⚠ Common mistakes⚠ आम गलतियाँ⚠ Common mistakes
- Saying leaflets of a compound leaf have axillary buds — the bud is only in the axil of the petiole.संयुक्त पत्ती के पर्णकों के कक्ष में कलिका मानना — कलिका केवल पर्णवृंत के कक्ष में।Bud sirf petiole ke axil mein.
- Mixing up acropetal (racemose, oldest at base) and basipetal (cymose).अग्राभिसारी (असीमाक्षी, पुराना नीचे) और तलाभिसारी (ससीमाक्षी) में भ्रम।Acropetal vs basipetal mat ulto.
- Calling the maize grain only a seed — its seed coat is fused with the fruit wall.मक्के के दाने को केवल बीज कहना — इसका बीजचोल फल भित्ति से जुड़ा है।Makka mein seed coat + fruit wall jude.
- Coleoptile covers the plumule, coleorhiza covers the radicle — not the other way round.प्रांकुरचोल प्रांकुर को, मूलांकुरचोल मूलांकुर को ढकता है।Coleoptile–plumule, coleorhiza–radicle.
- In mango the edible part is the mesocarp, not the endocarp.आम में खाने योग्य भाग मध्यफलभित्ति है, अंतःफलभित्ति नहीं।Aam ka khaane wala = mesocarp.
✎ NCERT questions — short answers✎ NCERT प्रश्न — संक्षिप्त उत्तर✎ NCERT questions — short answers
NCERT exercises (tap a question to see the answer)NCERT अभ्यास (उत्तर देखने के लिए प्रश्न पर टैप करें)NCERT exercises (answer dekhne ke liye question par tap kijiye)
1. How is a pinnately compound leaf different from a palmately compound leaf?1. पिच्छाकार संयुक्त पत्ती हस्ताकार संयुक्त पत्ती से कैसे भिन्न है?1. Pinnate vs palmate compound leaf.
2. Explain with suitable examples the different types of phyllotaxy.2. उचित उदाहरणों सहित पर्णविन्यास के प्रकार समझाइए।2. Phyllotaxy ke types.
3. Define: (a) aestivation (b) placentation (c) actinomorphic (d) zygomorphic (e) superior ovary (f) perigynous flower (g) epipetalous stamen3. परिभाषित कीजिए: (a) पुष्पदल विन्यास (b) बीजांडन्यास (c) त्रिज्यसममित (d) एकव्याससममित (e) ऊर्ध्ववर्ती अंडाशय (f) परिजायांगी पुष्प (g) दललग्न पुंकेसर3. Define terms.
4. Differentiate between (a) racemose and cymose inflorescence (b) apocarpous and syncarpous ovary4. अंतर बताइए (a) असीमाक्षी और ससीमाक्षी पुष्पक्रम (b) पृथक-अंडपी और युक्त-अंडपी अंडाशय4. Differences.
5. Draw labelled diagrams of (i) gram seed (ii) V.S. of maize seed5. नामांकित चित्र बनाइए (i) चने का बीज (ii) मक्के के बीज की ऊर्ध्व काट5. Gram seed aur maize seed ke diagrams.
6. Take one flower of the family Solanaceae and write its semi-technical description. Also draw its floral diagram.6. सोलैनेसी कुल का एक पुष्प लेकर उसका अर्ध-तकनीकी वर्णन लिखिए और पुष्प आरेख बनाइए।6. Solanaceae flower ka description.
7. Describe the various types of placentations found in flowering plants.7. पुष्पी पादपों में पाए जाने वाले बीजांडन्यास के प्रकार बताइए।7. Placentation ke types.
8. What is a flower? Describe the parts of a typical angiosperm flower.8. पुष्प क्या है? एक प्रारूपी एंजियोस्पर्म पुष्प के भाग बताइए।8. Flower kya hai? Parts batao.
9. Define inflorescence. Explain the basis for the different types of inflorescence.9. पुष्पक्रम परिभाषित कीजिए। विभिन्न प्रकारों का आधार समझाइए।9. Inflorescence aur iske types ka basis.
10. Describe the arrangement of floral members in relation to their insertion on thalamus.10. पुष्पासन पर निवेशन के आधार पर पुष्पी अंगों की व्यवस्था बताइए।10. Thalamus par floral parts ki position.
🎯 Quiz — 14 questions🎯 क्विज़ — 14 प्रश्न🎯 Quiz — 14 questions
Tap an option. The answer and a short reason appear at once.किसी विकल्प पर टैप करें। उत्तर और छोटा कारण तुरंत दिखेगा।Kisi option par tap kijiye. Answer aur chhota reason turant dikhega.
1. Fibrous roots are typical of …रेशेदार जड़ें किसकी विशेषता?Fibrous roots kiske?
2. Roots of banyan arising from branches are …बरगद की शाखाओं से निकलने वाली जड़ें …Bargad ki latakti jadein?
3. Growth in length of the root occurs mainly in the …जड़ की लंबाई में वृद्धि मुख्यतः किस क्षेत्र में?Root lambai kahan badhti?
4. Swollen leaf base in some legumes is called …कुछ लेग्यूम में फूला पर्णाधार …Phoola leaf base?
5. Whorled phyllotaxy is seen in …चक्करदार पर्णविन्यास किसमें?Whorled kisme?
6. In racemose inflorescence flowers are arranged in …असीमाक्षी पुष्पक्रम में पुष्प किस क्रम में?Racemose order?
7. A zygomorphic flower is …एकव्याससममित पुष्प है …Zygomorphic flower?
8. Ovary is inferior in …अंडाशय अधोवर्ती किसमें?Inferior ovary kisme?
9. Twisted aestivation is found in …व्यावर्तित पुष्पदल विन्यास किसमें?Twisted aestivation?
10. Diadelphous stamens occur in …द्विसंघी पुंकेसर किसमें?Diadelphous kisme?
11. Parietal placentation with a false septum is seen in …आभासी पट वाला भित्तीय बीजांडन्यास …Parietal kisme?
12. The edible part of mango is …आम का खाने योग्य भाग …Aam ka khaane wala hissa?
13. The proteinous layer around the endosperm of maize is …मक्के के भ्रूणपोष की प्रोटीनी परत …Maize ki protein layer?
14. Stamens in Solanaceae are …सोलैनेसी में पुंकेसर …Solanaceae stamens?
Found a mistake?कोई गलती दिखी?Koi galti dikhi? Report a mistakeगलती बताइएGalti bataiye — we fix confirmed errors quickly.— पक्की गलतियाँ हम जल्दी ठीक करते हैं।— confirm galtiyan hum jaldi theek karte hain.
These are Simple Learning Hub's own study notes written to follow the NCERT Class 11 Biology textbook (2026-27 reprint of the rationalised edition) section by section; read them with the official NCERT chapter. Diagrams are original SLH drawings based on the NCERT figures they name.ये Simple Learning Hub के अपने स्टडी नोट्स हैं, जो NCERT कक्षा 11 जीव विज्ञान की किताब (2026-27) के हर अनुभाग के साथ लिखे गए हैं; इन्हें NCERT के आधिकारिक अध्याय के साथ पढ़िए। डायग्राम SLH के अपने बनाए चित्र हैं।Ye Simple Learning Hub ke apne study notes hain, jo NCERT Class 11 Biology ki kitaab (2026-27) ke har section ke saath likhe gaye hain; inhe NCERT ke official chapter ke saath padhiye. Diagrams SLH ki apni drawings hain.