IntegralsसमाकलनIntegrals (Samakalan)
Class 12 Maths · Chapter 7 · UP Boardकक्षा 12 गणित · अध्याय 7 · यूपी बोर्डClass 12 Maths · Chapter 7 · UP Board
Built by analysing many years of real UP Board papers, and updated after every board exam. Beginner or topper, it is for everyone.कई वर्षों के असली यूपी बोर्ड पेपरों के विश्लेषण से बना, हर बोर्ड परीक्षा के बाद अपडेट। शुरुआत करने वाले हों या टॉपर, सबके लिए।Kai saalon ke asli UP Board papers ko analyse karke bana, har board exam ke baad update. Beginner ho ya topper, sabke liye.
📊 Based on 7 years (2019–2026) of UP Board papers, current syllabus: 38 sets readवर्तमान सिलेबस के 7 वर्षों (2019–2026) के यूपी बोर्ड पेपरों पर आधारित: 38 सेट पढ़े गएCurrent syllabus ke 7 saal (2019–2026) ke UP Board papers par based: 38 sets padhe (2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026)
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🔥 Most asked in this chapterइस अध्याय में सबसे ज़्यादा पूछे गएIs chapter mein sabse zyada aaye
Ranked by how many years each topic came in the paper. Tap a topic to jump to its notes.हर टॉपिक कितने वर्ष पेपर में आया, उसी क्रम में। टॉपिक पर टैप करें, नोट्स पर पहुँचें।Har topic kitne saal paper mein aaya, usi order mein. Topic par tap kijiye, notes par pahunchiye.
Show all 13 topicsसभी 13 टॉपिक देखेंSaare 13 topics dekhiye
Haven't studied anything? Read just this much and you will pass.कुछ नहीं पढ़ा? बस इतना पढ़ लीजिए, पास हो जाएँगे।Kuch nahi padha? Bas itna padh lijiye, pass ho jayenge.
Start with the standard integrals list and the definite-integral properties: a property question (like ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x/(√sin x+√cos x) dx = π/4) comes in almost every paper, often as the long 8-mark question. Then learn three methods well: substitution, by parts and partial fractions. Every integral in the paper is one of these types, so learn to recognise the type first.सबसे पहले मानक समाकलनों की सूची और निश्चित समाकलन के गुणधर्म पढ़िए: गुणधर्म वाला प्रश्न (जैसे ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x/(√sin x+√cos x) dx = π/4) लगभग हर प्रश्नपत्र में आता है, अक्सर 8 अंक के बड़े प्रश्न के रूप में। फिर तीन विधियाँ अच्छी तरह सीखिए: प्रतिस्थापन, खंडशः समाकलन और आंशिक भिन्न। प्रश्नपत्र का हर समाकलन इन्हीं प्रकारों में से होता है, इसलिए पहले प्रकार पहचानना सीखिए।Sabse pehle standard integrals ki list aur definite integral ki properties padhiye: property wala sawaal (jaise ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x/(√sin x+√cos x) dx = π/4) lagbhag har paper mein aata hai, aksar 8 marks ke bade sawaal ke roop mein. Phir teen methods achhe se seekhiye: substitution, by parts aur partial fractions. Paper ka har integral inhi types mein se hota hai, isliye pehle type pehchaanna seekhiye.
🏅 Pass-guarantee minimumपास होने के लिए न्यूनतमPass hone ke liye minimum
- Learn the standard integrals list (sin, cos, sec², 1/x, eˣ, 1/(x² + a²), 1/√(a² − x²)). Most 1-mark MCQs are direct uses.
- Practise ONE P4 question fully: ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x/(√sin x + √cos x) dx = π/4. The same 6 lines solve many paper questions.
- Learn ILATE and do ∫ x tan⁻¹x dx and ∫ x² eˣ dx by parts.
- Learn cos²x = (1 + cos 2x)/2 and the product-to-sum rule; ∫ cos²x dx comes as a 1–2 mark question.
- Do one partial fraction question with two linear factors.
- मानक समाकलनों की सूची याद कीजिए (sin, cos, sec², 1/x, eˣ, 1/(x² + a²), 1/√(a² − x²))। अधिकांश 1 अंक के MCQ सीधे प्रयोग हैं।
- P4 का एक प्रश्न पूरा हल कीजिए: ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x/(√sin x + √cos x) dx = π/4। यही 6 पंक्तियाँ कई प्रश्नों को हल करती हैं।
- ILATE याद कीजिए और ∫ x tan⁻¹x dx तथा ∫ x² eˣ dx खंडशः हल कीजिए।
- cos²x = (1 + cos 2x)/2 और गुणनफल-से-योग नियम याद कीजिए; ∫ cos²x dx 1–2 अंक में आता है।
- दो रैखिक गुणनखंडों वाला आंशिक भिन्न का एक प्रश्न कीजिए।
- Standard integrals ki list yaad kijiye (sin, cos, sec², 1/x, eˣ, 1/(x² + a²), 1/√(a² − x²)). Zyadatar 1 mark ke MCQ seedhe use hain.
- P4 ka ek sawaal poora practise kijiye: ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x/(√sin x + √cos x) dx = π/4. Yahi 6 lines kai sawaal solve karti hain.
- ILATE yaad kijiye aur ∫ x tan⁻¹x dx aur ∫ x² eˣ dx by parts se kijiye.
- cos²x = (1 + cos 2x)/2 aur product-to-sum rule yaad kijiye; ∫ cos²x dx 1–2 marks mein aata hai.
- Do linear factors wala partial fraction ka ek sawaal kijiye.
🎯 1-mark facts that keep comingबार-बार आने वाले 1 अंक के तथ्यBaar baar aane wale 1 mark facts
- ∫₀^{π/2} dx/(1 + √tan x) = π/4.
- ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C.
- If ∫ x log x dx = (x²/2) f(x) − x²/4 + C, then f(x) = log x.
- If ∫ log x dx = x log x + k(x) + C, then k(x) = −x.
- ∫ cos²x dx = x/2 + (sin 2x)/4 + C.
- ∫ (sin²x − cos²x)/(sin²x cos²x) dx = tan x + cot x + C.
- ∫₂^{2√3} dx/(4 + x²) = π/24 and ∫₀^{2/3} dx/(4 + 9x²) = π/24.
- ∫ x² tan(x³ + 2) dx = ⅓ log|sec(x³ + 2)| + C.
- ∫ sin(tan⁻¹x)/(1 + x²) dx = −cos(tan⁻¹x) + C.
- ∫₀^{π/2} dx/(1 + √tan x) = π/4।
- ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C।
- यदि ∫ x log x dx = (x²/2) f(x) − x²/4 + C, तो f(x) = log x।
- यदि ∫ log x dx = x log x + k(x) + C, तो k(x) = −x।
- ∫ cos²x dx = x/2 + (sin 2x)/4 + C।
- ∫ (sin²x − cos²x)/(sin²x cos²x) dx = tan x + cot x + C।
- ∫₂^{2√3} dx/(4 + x²) = π/24 तथा ∫₀^{2/3} dx/(4 + 9x²) = π/24।
- ∫ x² tan(x³ + 2) dx = ⅓ log|sec(x³ + 2)| + C।
- ∫ sin(tan⁻¹x)/(1 + x²) dx = −cos(tan⁻¹x) + C।
- ∫₀^{π/2} dx/(1 + √tan x) = π/4.
- ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C.
- Agar ∫ x log x dx = (x²/2) f(x) − x²/4 + C, toh f(x) = log x.
- Agar ∫ log x dx = x log x + k(x) + C, toh k(x) = −x.
- ∫ cos²x dx = x/2 + (sin 2x)/4 + C.
- ∫ (sin²x − cos²x)/(sin²x cos²x) dx = tan x + cot x + C.
- ∫₂^{2√3} dx/(4 + x²) = π/24 aur ∫₀^{2/3} dx/(4 + 9x²) = π/24.
- ∫ x² tan(x³ + 2) dx = ⅓ log|sec(x³ + 2)| + C.
- ∫ sin(tan⁻¹x)/(1 + x²) dx = −cos(tan⁻¹x) + C.
The questions that come every year, with model answers. Most asked first.हर साल आने वाले प्रश्न, आदर्श उत्तरों के साथ। सबसे ज़्यादा पूछे गए पहले।Har saal aane wale sawaal, model answers ke saath. Sabse zyada aaye pehle.
Definite integrals using properties (P4, odd/even, |x| type)गुणधर्मों द्वारा निश्चित समाकलन (P4, सम/विषम, |x| वाले)Properties se definite integral (P4, odd/even, |x| type)
🔥 Asked in 7 of 7 years🔥 7 में से 7 वर्ष पूछा गया🔥 Aaya hai 7/7 saal🔴 Very importantबहुत महत्वपूर्णBahut important- Most-used property (P4): ∫₀^a f(x) dx = ∫₀^a f(a−x) dx. Write I, write I again with x → a−x, then ADD the two. This is the 8-mark favourite.
- General form (P3): ∫ₐ^b f(x) dx = ∫ₐ^b f(a+b−x) dx. Use it when the limits are not from 0, e.g. π/6 to π/3.
- Odd/even (P6): ∫₋ₐ^a f(x) dx = 2∫₀^a f(x) dx if f is even [f(−x) = f(x)], and = 0 if f is odd [f(−x) = −f(x)]. Example: ∫₋₁^1 x³ cos x dx = 0 (odd).
- Splitting (P2): ∫ₐ^b f = ∫ₐ^c f + ∫_c^b f. Used for |x−1|, |x³−x|, |x sin πx| type: find where the expression inside |…| becomes 0, split there, and take the correct sign in each part.
- P7: ∫₀^{2a} f(x) dx = 2∫₀^a f(x) dx if f(2a−x) = f(x), and 0 if f(2a−x) = −f(x). Used in ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx.
- MCQ answers to remember: ∫₀^{π/2} dx/(1+√tan x) = π/4; ∫₀^{π/2} sinⁿx/(sinⁿx+cosⁿx) dx = π/4 for any n; ∫_{π/6}^{π/3} dx/(1+√tan x) = π/12.
- When x is multiplied outside (like x sin x/(1+cos²x) from 0 to π): use P4, the x becomes (π−x), add to get π∫…, then substitute cos x = t.
- सबसे अधिक प्रयुक्त गुणधर्म (P4): ∫₀^a f(x) dx = ∫₀^a f(a−x) dx। I लिखिए, फिर x → a−x रखकर I दोबारा लिखिए, फिर दोनों को जोड़िए। यही 8 अंक का प्रिय प्रश्न है।
- व्यापक रूप (P3): ∫ₐ^b f(x) dx = ∫ₐ^b f(a+b−x) dx। जब सीमाएँ 0 से न हों, जैसे π/6 से π/3, तब इसका प्रयोग कीजिए।
- सम/विषम (P6): ∫₋ₐ^a f(x) dx = 2∫₀^a f(x) dx यदि f सम फलन है [f(−x) = f(x)], और = 0 यदि f विषम फलन है [f(−x) = −f(x)]। उदाहरण: ∫₋₁^1 x³ cos x dx = 0 (विषम)।
- विभाजन (P2): ∫ₐ^b f = ∫ₐ^c f + ∫_c^b f। |x−1|, |x³−x|, |x sin πx| जैसे प्रश्नों में: |…| के अंदर का व्यंजक जहाँ शून्य हो वहाँ सीमा तोड़िए और हर भाग में सही चिह्न लीजिए।
- P7: ∫₀^{2a} f(x) dx = 2∫₀^a f(x) dx यदि f(2a−x) = f(x), और 0 यदि f(2a−x) = −f(x)। ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx में प्रयोग होता है।
- याद रखने योग्य MCQ उत्तर: ∫₀^{π/2} dx/(1+√tan x) = π/4; किसी भी n के लिए ∫₀^{π/2} sinⁿx/(sinⁿx+cosⁿx) dx = π/4; ∫_{π/6}^{π/3} dx/(1+√tan x) = π/12।
- जब x बाहर गुणा हो (जैसे 0 से π तक x sin x/(1+cos²x)): P4 लगाइए, x का (π−x) बनता है, जोड़ने पर π∫… मिलता है, फिर cos x = t रखिए।
- Sabse zyada use hone wali property (P4): ∫₀^a f(x) dx = ∫₀^a f(a−x) dx. I likhiye, phir x → a−x rakhkar I dobara likhiye, phir dono ko JOD dijiye. Yahi 8 marks ka favourite hai.
- General form (P3): ∫ₐ^b f(x) dx = ∫ₐ^b f(a+b−x) dx. Jab limits 0 se na hon, jaise π/6 se π/3, tab ise use kijiye.
- Odd/even (P6): ∫₋ₐ^a f(x) dx = 2∫₀^a f(x) dx agar f even hai [f(−x) = f(x)], aur = 0 agar f odd hai [f(−x) = −f(x)]. Example: ∫₋₁^1 x³ cos x dx = 0 (odd).
- Splitting (P2): ∫ₐ^b f = ∫ₐ^c f + ∫_c^b f. |x−1|, |x³−x|, |x sin πx| type mein: |…| ke andar ka expression jahan 0 ho wahan limit todiye aur har hisse mein sahi sign lijiye.
- P7: ∫₀^{2a} f(x) dx = 2∫₀^a f(x) dx agar f(2a−x) = f(x), aur 0 agar f(2a−x) = −f(x). ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx mein use hoti hai.
- Yaad rakhne wale MCQ answers: ∫₀^{π/2} dx/(1+√tan x) = π/4; kisi bhi n ke liye ∫₀^{π/2} sinⁿx/(sinⁿx+cosⁿx) dx = π/4; ∫_{π/6}^{π/3} dx/(1+√tan x) = π/12.
- Jab x bahar multiply ho (jaise 0 se π tak x sin x/(1+cos²x)): P4 lagaiye, x ka (π−x) banta hai, jodne par π∫… milta hai, phir cos x = t rakhiye.
Evaluate ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x /(√sin x + √cos x) dx.∫₀^{π/2} √sin x /(√sin x + √cos x) dx का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।∫₀^{π/2} √sin x /(√sin x + √cos x) dx ka maan nikaliye.
- Let I = ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x /(√sin x + √cos x) dx …(1)
- Using ∫₀^a f(x) dx = ∫₀^a f(a−x) dx with a = π/2: sin(π/2−x) = cos x, cos(π/2−x) = sin x.
- I = ∫₀^{π/2} √cos x /(√cos x + √sin x) dx …(2)
- Adding (1) and (2): 2I = ∫₀^{π/2} (√sin x + √cos x)/(√sin x + √cos x) dx = ∫₀^{π/2} 1 dx
- 2I = [x]₀^{π/2} = π/2
- Therefore I = π/4.
- माना I = ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x /(√sin x + √cos x) dx …(1)
- ∫₀^a f(x) dx = ∫₀^a f(a−x) dx से, a = π/2: sin(π/2−x) = cos x, cos(π/2−x) = sin x।
- I = ∫₀^{π/2} √cos x /(√cos x + √sin x) dx …(2)
- (1) और (2) को जोड़ने पर: 2I = ∫₀^{π/2} (√sin x + √cos x)/(√sin x + √cos x) dx = ∫₀^{π/2} 1 dx
- 2I = [x]₀^{π/2} = π/2
- अतः I = π/4।
- Maan lijiye I = ∫₀^{π/2} √sin x /(√sin x + √cos x) dx …(1)
- ∫₀^a f(x) dx = ∫₀^a f(a−x) dx se, a = π/2: sin(π/2−x) = cos x, cos(π/2−x) = sin x.
- I = ∫₀^{π/2} √cos x /(√cos x + √sin x) dx …(2)
- (1) aur (2) ko jodne par: 2I = ∫₀^{π/2} (√sin x + √cos x)/(√sin x + √cos x) dx = ∫₀^{π/2} 1 dx
- 2I = [x]₀^{π/2} = π/2
- Isliye I = π/4.
Evaluate ∫₀^π x sin x/(1 + cos²x) dx.∫₀^π x sin x/(1 + cos²x) dx का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।∫₀^π x sin x/(1 + cos²x) dx ka maan nikaliye.
- Let I = ∫₀^π x sin x/(1+cos²x) dx …(1)
- Put x → π−x: sin(π−x) = sin x, cos(π−x) = −cos x, so cos² stays the same.
- I = ∫₀^π (π−x) sin x/(1+cos²x) dx …(2)
- Adding: 2I = π ∫₀^π sin x/(1+cos²x) dx
- Put cos x = t, −sin x dx = dt. When x = 0, t = 1; when x = π, t = −1.
- 2I = π ∫₋₁^1 dt/(1+t²) = π[tan⁻¹t]₋₁^1 = π(π/4 + π/4) = π²/2
- Therefore I = π²/4.
- माना I = ∫₀^π x sin x/(1+cos²x) dx …(1)
- x → π−x रखने पर: sin(π−x) = sin x, cos(π−x) = −cos x, अतः cos² वही रहता है।
- I = ∫₀^π (π−x) sin x/(1+cos²x) dx …(2)
- जोड़ने पर: 2I = π ∫₀^π sin x/(1+cos²x) dx
- cos x = t रखिए, −sin x dx = dt। x = 0 पर t = 1; x = π पर t = −1।
- 2I = π ∫₋₁^1 dt/(1+t²) = π[tan⁻¹t]₋₁^1 = π(π/4 + π/4) = π²/2
- अतः I = π²/4।
- Maan lijiye I = ∫₀^π x sin x/(1+cos²x) dx …(1)
- x → π−x rakhne par: sin(π−x) = sin x, cos(π−x) = −cos x, isliye cos² wahi rehta hai.
- I = ∫₀^π (π−x) sin x/(1+cos²x) dx …(2)
- Jodne par: 2I = π ∫₀^π sin x/(1+cos²x) dx
- cos x = t rakhiye, −sin x dx = dt. x = 0 par t = 1; x = π par t = −1.
- 2I = π ∫₋₁^1 dt/(1+t²) = π[tan⁻¹t]₋₁^1 = π(π/4 + π/4) = π²/2
- Isliye I = π²/4.
Evaluate ∫₀^3 |x² − 3x + 2| dx.∫₀^3 |x² − 3x + 2| dx का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।∫₀^3 |x² − 3x + 2| dx ka maan nikaliye.
- x² − 3x + 2 = (x−1)(x−2): it is positive on [0,1], negative on [1,2], positive on [2,3].
- I = ∫₀^1 (x²−3x+2) dx − ∫₁^2 (x²−3x+2) dx + ∫₂^3 (x²−3x+2) dx
- Let F(x) = x³/3 − 3x²/2 + 2x. Then F(0) = 0, F(1) = 5/6, F(2) = 2/3, F(3) = 3/2.
- I = (5/6 − 0) − (2/3 − 5/6) + (3/2 − 2/3) = 5/6 + 1/6 + 5/6
- Therefore I = 11/6.
- x² − 3x + 2 = (x−1)(x−2): यह [0,1] पर धनात्मक, [1,2] पर ऋणात्मक, [2,3] पर धनात्मक है।
- I = ∫₀^1 (x²−3x+2) dx − ∫₁^2 (x²−3x+2) dx + ∫₂^3 (x²−3x+2) dx
- माना F(x) = x³/3 − 3x²/2 + 2x। तब F(0) = 0, F(1) = 5/6, F(2) = 2/3, F(3) = 3/2।
- I = (5/6 − 0) − (2/3 − 5/6) + (3/2 − 2/3) = 5/6 + 1/6 + 5/6
- अतः I = 11/6।
- x² − 3x + 2 = (x−1)(x−2): yeh [0,1] par positive, [1,2] par negative, [2,3] par positive hai.
- I = ∫₀^1 (x²−3x+2) dx − ∫₁^2 (x²−3x+2) dx + ∫₂^3 (x²−3x+2) dx
- Maan lijiye F(x) = x³/3 − 3x²/2 + 2x. Tab F(0) = 0, F(1) = 5/6, F(2) = 2/3, F(3) = 3/2.
- I = (5/6 − 0) − (2/3 − 5/6) + (3/2 − 2/3) = 5/6 + 1/6 + 5/6
- Isliye I = 11/6.
💡 After applying P4, always write '(adding (1) and (2))' and show 2I = …; the examiner gives a step mark for it. Never forget to divide by 2 at the end.P4 लगाने के बाद हमेशा '(1) और (2) को जोड़ने पर' लिखिए और 2I = … दिखाइए; इसके लिए चरण-अंक मिलता है। अंत में 2 से भाग देना कभी न भूलें।P4 lagane ke baad hamesha '(1) aur (2) ko jodne par' likhiye aur 2I = … dikhaiye; iske step marks milte hain. Aakhir mein 2 se divide karna kabhi mat bhooliye.
Integration by substitutionप्रतिस्थापन द्वारा समाकलनSubstitution se integration
🔥 Asked in 7 of 7 years🔥 7 में से 7 वर्ष पूछा गया🔥 Aaya hai 7/7 saal🔴 Very importantबहुत महत्वपूर्णBahut important- Look for a function AND its derivative together: x² with x³, 1/(1+x²) with tan⁻¹x, 1/x with log x, sec²x with tan x. Put the function = t.
- Write dt in terms of dx, change everything into t, integrate, then put back the x-value of t.
- In a DEFINITE integral, change the limits too when you substitute; then there is no need to go back to x.
- ∫ f′(x)/f(x) dx = log|f(x)| + C — e.g. ∫ tan x dx = log|sec x| + C, ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x| + C.
- ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C; ∫ cosec x dx = log|cosec x − cot x| + C.
- किसी फलन और उसके अवकलज को साथ देखिए: x³ के साथ x², tan⁻¹x के साथ 1/(1+x²), log x के साथ 1/x, tan x के साथ sec²x। उस फलन को = t रखिए।
- dt को dx में लिखिए, सब कुछ t में बदलिए, समाकलन कीजिए, फिर t का x वाला मान वापस रखिए।
- निश्चित समाकलन में प्रतिस्थापन करते समय सीमाएँ भी बदलिए; फिर x में लौटने की आवश्यकता नहीं।
- ∫ f′(x)/f(x) dx = log|f(x)| + C — जैसे ∫ tan x dx = log|sec x| + C, ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x| + C।
- ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C; ∫ cosec x dx = log|cosec x − cot x| + C।
- Ek function aur uska derivative saath mein dhoondhiye: x³ ke saath x², tan⁻¹x ke saath 1/(1+x²), log x ke saath 1/x, tan x ke saath sec²x. Us function ko = t rakhiye.
- dt ko dx mein likhiye, sab kuch t mein badaliye, integrate kijiye, phir t ka x wala maan wapas rakhiye.
- Definite integral mein substitute karte waqt limits bhi badaliye; phir x mein wapas jaane ki zaroorat nahi.
- ∫ f′(x)/f(x) dx = log|f(x)| + C — jaise ∫ tan x dx = log|sec x| + C, ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x| + C.
- ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C; ∫ cosec x dx = log|cosec x − cot x| + C.
Find ∫ x² sin(x³ + 1) dx.∫ x² sin(x³ + 1) dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ x² sin(x³ + 1) dx nikaliye.
- Put x³ + 1 = t, so 3x² dx = dt, i.e. x² dx = dt/3.
- I = ⅓ ∫ sin t dt = −⅓ cos t + C
- Answer: I = −⅓ cos(x³ + 1) + C.
- x³ + 1 = t रखिए, तब 3x² dx = dt, अर्थात x² dx = dt/3।
- I = ⅓ ∫ sin t dt = −⅓ cos t + C
- उत्तर: I = −⅓ cos(x³ + 1) + C।
- x³ + 1 = t rakhiye, tab 3x² dx = dt, yaani x² dx = dt/3.
- I = ⅓ ∫ sin t dt = −⅓ cos t + C
- Answer: I = −⅓ cos(x³ + 1) + C.
Evaluate ∫₀^1 (tan⁻¹x)²/(1 + x²) dx.∫₀^1 (tan⁻¹x)²/(1 + x²) dx का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।∫₀^1 (tan⁻¹x)²/(1 + x²) dx ka maan nikaliye.
- Put tan⁻¹x = t, so dx/(1+x²) = dt. When x = 0, t = 0; when x = 1, t = π/4.
- I = ∫₀^{π/4} t² dt = [t³/3]₀^{π/4}
- = (π/4)³/3 = π³/192
- Answer: π³/192. (Same method: ∫₀^1 tan⁻¹x/(1+x²) dx = π²/32.)
- tan⁻¹x = t रखिए, तब dx/(1+x²) = dt। x = 0 पर t = 0; x = 1 पर t = π/4।
- I = ∫₀^{π/4} t² dt = [t³/3]₀^{π/4}
- = (π/4)³/3 = π³/192
- उत्तर: π³/192। (इसी विधि से: ∫₀^1 tan⁻¹x/(1+x²) dx = π²/32।)
- tan⁻¹x = t rakhiye, tab dx/(1+x²) = dt. x = 0 par t = 0; x = 1 par t = π/4.
- I = ∫₀^{π/4} t² dt = [t³/3]₀^{π/4}
- = (π/4)³/3 = π³/192
- Answer: π³/192. (Isi method se: ∫₀^1 tan⁻¹x/(1+x²) dx = π²/32.)
💡 Writing the new limits next to the substitution line ('when x = 0, t = 0') earns a step mark.प्रतिस्थापन वाली पंक्ति के साथ नई सीमाएँ लिखना ('x = 0 पर t = 0') चरण-अंक दिलाता है।Substitution wali line ke saath nayi limits likhna ('x = 0 par t = 0') step marks dilata hai.
Integration using trigonometric identitiesत्रिकोणमितीय सर्वसमिकाओं द्वारा समाकलनTrig identities se integration
🔥 Asked in 7 of 7 years🔥 7 में से 7 वर्ष पूछा गया🔥 Aaya hai 7/7 saal🔴 Very importantबहुत महत्वपूर्णBahut important- sin²x = (1 − cos 2x)/2 and cos²x = (1 + cos 2x)/2. So ∫ cos²x dx = x/2 + (sin 2x)/4 + C and ∫ sin²x dx = x/2 − (sin 2x)/4 + C.
- sin³x = (3 sin x − sin 3x)/4 and cos³x = (3 cos x + cos 3x)/4.
- Product to sum: 2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B) + sin(A−B); 2 cos A cos B = cos(A+B) + cos(A−B); 2 sin A sin B = cos(A−B) − cos(A+B).
- MCQ: ∫ (sin²x − cos²x)/(sin²x cos²x) dx = ∫ (sec²x − cosec²x) dx = tan x + cot x + C.
- Odd power of sin (like sin³x): you can also write sin³x = (1 − cos²x) sin x and put cos x = t.
- sin²x = (1 − cos 2x)/2 तथा cos²x = (1 + cos 2x)/2। अतः ∫ cos²x dx = x/2 + (sin 2x)/4 + C तथा ∫ sin²x dx = x/2 − (sin 2x)/4 + C।
- sin³x = (3 sin x − sin 3x)/4 तथा cos³x = (3 cos x + cos 3x)/4।
- गुणनफल से योग: 2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B) + sin(A−B); 2 cos A cos B = cos(A+B) + cos(A−B); 2 sin A sin B = cos(A−B) − cos(A+B)।
- MCQ: ∫ (sin²x − cos²x)/(sin²x cos²x) dx = ∫ (sec²x − cosec²x) dx = tan x + cot x + C।
- sin की विषम घात (जैसे sin³x): sin³x = (1 − cos²x) sin x लिखकर cos x = t भी रख सकते हैं।
- sin²x = (1 − cos 2x)/2 aur cos²x = (1 + cos 2x)/2. Isliye ∫ cos²x dx = x/2 + (sin 2x)/4 + C aur ∫ sin²x dx = x/2 − (sin 2x)/4 + C.
- sin³x = (3 sin x − sin 3x)/4 aur cos³x = (3 cos x + cos 3x)/4.
- Product se sum: 2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B) + sin(A−B); 2 cos A cos B = cos(A+B) + cos(A−B); 2 sin A sin B = cos(A−B) − cos(A+B).
- MCQ: ∫ (sin²x − cos²x)/(sin²x cos²x) dx = ∫ (sec²x − cosec²x) dx = tan x + cot x + C.
- sin ki odd power (jaise sin³x): sin³x = (1 − cos²x) sin x likhkar cos x = t bhi rakh sakte hain.
Find ∫ sin 3x cos 2x dx.∫ sin 3x cos 2x dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ sin 3x cos 2x dx nikaliye.
- Use 2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B) + sin(A−B): sin 3x cos 2x = ½[sin 5x + sin x].
- I = ½ ∫ (sin 5x + sin x) dx = ½[−(cos 5x)/5 − cos x] + C
- Answer: I = −(cos 5x)/10 − (cos x)/2 + C.
- 2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B) + sin(A−B) से: sin 3x cos 2x = ½[sin 5x + sin x]।
- I = ½ ∫ (sin 5x + sin x) dx = ½[−(cos 5x)/5 − cos x] + C
- उत्तर: I = −(cos 5x)/10 − (cos x)/2 + C।
- 2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B) + sin(A−B) se: sin 3x cos 2x = ½[sin 5x + sin x].
- I = ½ ∫ (sin 5x + sin x) dx = ½[−(cos 5x)/5 − cos x] + C
- Answer: I = −(cos 5x)/10 − (cos x)/2 + C.
Find ∫ sin³x dx.∫ sin³x dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ sin³x dx nikaliye.
- sin³x = (3 sin x − sin 3x)/4.
- I = ¼ ∫ (3 sin x − sin 3x) dx = ¼[−3 cos x + (cos 3x)/3] + C
- Answer: I = −(3/4) cos x + (cos 3x)/12 + C (same as −cos x + cos³x/3 + C).
- sin³x = (3 sin x − sin 3x)/4।
- I = ¼ ∫ (3 sin x − sin 3x) dx = ¼[−3 cos x + (cos 3x)/3] + C
- उत्तर: I = −(3/4) cos x + (cos 3x)/12 + C (यही −cos x + cos³x/3 + C है)।
- sin³x = (3 sin x − sin 3x)/4.
- I = ¼ ∫ (3 sin x − sin 3x) dx = ¼[−3 cos x + (cos 3x)/3] + C
- Answer: I = −(3/4) cos x + (cos 3x)/12 + C (yahi −cos x + cos³x/3 + C hai).
💡 Two answers that look different (like the two forms of ∫ sin³x dx) can both be right; they differ only by a constant.दो अलग दिखने वाले उत्तर (जैसे ∫ sin³x dx के दो रूप) दोनों सही हो सकते हैं; उनमें केवल एक अचर का अंतर होता है।Do alag dikhne wale answers (jaise ∫ sin³x dx ke do roop) dono sahi ho sakte hain; unmein sirf ek constant ka farq hota hai.
Integration by partsखंडशः समाकलनIntegration by parts (khandashah samakalan)
🔥 Asked in 6 of 7 years🔥 7 में से 6 वर्ष पूछा गया🔥 Aaya hai 6/7 saal🔴 Very importantबहुत महत्वपूर्णBahut important- Formula: ∫ u·v dx = u∫v dx − ∫[u′ ∫v dx] dx. u = first function, v = second function.
- Choose the first function by ILATE: Inverse trig → Logarithmic → Algebraic → Trigonometric → Exponential. The one coming first is u.
- ∫ log x dx and ∫ tan⁻¹x dx: take 1 as the second function. ∫ log x dx = x log x − x + C.
- MCQ facts: ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C; ∫ x log x dx = (x²/2) log x − x²/4 + C; ∫ x eˣ dx = eˣ(x − 1) + C.
- For x² eˣ or x² sin x, apply by parts twice.
- If the integrand has sin⁻¹x/√(1−x²), first put sin⁻¹x = t, then use by parts.
- सूत्र: ∫ u·v dx = u∫v dx − ∫[u′ ∫v dx] dx। u = प्रथम फलन, v = द्वितीय फलन।
- प्रथम फलन ILATE क्रम से चुनिए: प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय → लघुगणकीय → बीजीय → त्रिकोणमितीय → चरघातांकी। जो पहले आए, वही u है।
- ∫ log x dx और ∫ tan⁻¹x dx: 1 को द्वितीय फलन लीजिए। ∫ log x dx = x log x − x + C।
- MCQ तथ्य: ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C; ∫ x log x dx = (x²/2) log x − x²/4 + C; ∫ x eˣ dx = eˣ(x − 1) + C।
- x² eˣ या x² sin x में खंडशः समाकलन दो बार लगाइए।
- यदि समाकल्य में sin⁻¹x/√(1−x²) हो, तो पहले sin⁻¹x = t रखिए, फिर खंडशः समाकलन लगाइए।
- Formula: ∫ u·v dx = u∫v dx − ∫[u′ ∫v dx] dx. u = first function, v = second function.
- First function ILATE se chuniye: Inverse trig → Log → Algebraic → Trig → Exponential. Jo pehle aaye, wahi u hai.
- ∫ log x dx aur ∫ tan⁻¹x dx: 1 ko second function lijiye. ∫ log x dx = x log x − x + C.
- MCQ facts: ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C; ∫ x log x dx = (x²/2) log x − x²/4 + C; ∫ x eˣ dx = eˣ(x − 1) + C.
- x² eˣ ya x² sin x mein by parts do baar lagaiye.
- Agar integrand mein sin⁻¹x/√(1−x²) ho, toh pehle sin⁻¹x = t rakhiye, phir by parts lagaiye.
Find ∫ x tan⁻¹x dx.∫ x tan⁻¹x dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ x tan⁻¹x dx nikaliye.
- By ILATE, first function u = tan⁻¹x (inverse trig), second function = x.
- I = tan⁻¹x · (x²/2) − ∫ [1/(1+x²)] · (x²/2) dx
- = (x²/2) tan⁻¹x − ½ ∫ x²/(1+x²) dx
- Write x²/(1+x²) = 1 − 1/(1+x²).
- = (x²/2) tan⁻¹x − ½ [x − tan⁻¹x] + C
- Answer: I = ½(x² + 1) tan⁻¹x − x/2 + C.
- ILATE से प्रथम फलन u = tan⁻¹x (प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय), द्वितीय फलन = x।
- I = tan⁻¹x · (x²/2) − ∫ [1/(1+x²)] · (x²/2) dx
- = (x²/2) tan⁻¹x − ½ ∫ x²/(1+x²) dx
- x²/(1+x²) = 1 − 1/(1+x²) लिखिए।
- = (x²/2) tan⁻¹x − ½ [x − tan⁻¹x] + C
- उत्तर: I = ½(x² + 1) tan⁻¹x − x/2 + C।
- ILATE se first function u = tan⁻¹x (inverse trig), second function = x.
- I = tan⁻¹x · (x²/2) − ∫ [1/(1+x²)] · (x²/2) dx
- = (x²/2) tan⁻¹x − ½ ∫ x²/(1+x²) dx
- x²/(1+x²) = 1 − 1/(1+x²) likhiye.
- = (x²/2) tan⁻¹x − ½ [x − tan⁻¹x] + C
- Answer: I = ½(x² + 1) tan⁻¹x − x/2 + C.
Find ∫ x² eˣ dx.∫ x² eˣ dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ x² eˣ dx nikaliye.
- First function x² (algebraic), second eˣ (exponential).
- I = x² eˣ − ∫ 2x eˣ dx
- Apply by parts again on ∫ x eˣ dx = x eˣ − ∫ eˣ dx = x eˣ − eˣ.
- I = x² eˣ − 2(x eˣ − eˣ) + C
- Answer: I = eˣ(x² − 2x + 2) + C.
- प्रथम फलन x² (बीजीय), द्वितीय eˣ (चरघातांकी)।
- I = x² eˣ − ∫ 2x eˣ dx
- ∫ x eˣ dx पर फिर से खंडशः: = x eˣ − ∫ eˣ dx = x eˣ − eˣ।
- I = x² eˣ − 2(x eˣ − eˣ) + C
- उत्तर: I = eˣ(x² − 2x + 2) + C।
- First function x² (algebraic), second eˣ (exponential).
- I = x² eˣ − ∫ 2x eˣ dx
- ∫ x eˣ dx par phir se by parts: = x eˣ − ∫ eˣ dx = x eˣ − eˣ.
- I = x² eˣ − 2(x eˣ − eˣ) + C
- Answer: I = eˣ(x² − 2x + 2) + C.
💡 Check your answer by differentiating it: d/dx of the answer must give back the integrand.अपने उत्तर का अवकलन करके जाँचिए: उत्तर का d/dx वापस समाकल्य देना चाहिए।Apna answer differentiate karke check kijiye: answer ka d/dx wapas integrand dena chahiye.
Definite integral by the fundamental theoremकलन की आधारभूत प्रमेय द्वारा निश्चित समाकलनFundamental theorem se definite integral
🔥 Asked in 6 of 7 years🔥 7 में से 6 वर्ष पूछा गया🔥 Aaya hai 6/7 saal🔴 Very importantबहुत महत्वपूर्णBahut important- ∫ₐ^b f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a), where F′(x) = f(x). No '+C' in a definite integral.
- ∫ dx/(a² + x²) = (1/a) tan⁻¹(x/a). MCQ: ∫₂^{2√3} dx/(4 + x²) = ½(π/3 − π/4) = π/24.
- For 4 + 9x², first take 9 out: 9(x² + 4/9). So ∫₀^{2/3} dx/(4 + 9x²) = π/24.
- MCQ: ∫₂^3 dx/x = log 3 − log 2 = log(3/2); ∫₋₁^1 (x + 1) dx = 2; ∫₀^{π/4} sin³2x cos 2x dx = 1/8.
- ∫ₐ^b f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a), जहाँ F′(x) = f(x)। निश्चित समाकलन में '+C' नहीं लिखते।
- ∫ dx/(a² + x²) = (1/a) tan⁻¹(x/a)। MCQ: ∫₂^{2√3} dx/(4 + x²) = ½(π/3 − π/4) = π/24।
- 4 + 9x² में पहले 9 बाहर निकालिए: 9(x² + 4/9)। अतः ∫₀^{2/3} dx/(4 + 9x²) = π/24।
- MCQ: ∫₂^3 dx/x = log 3 − log 2 = log(3/2); ∫₋₁^1 (x + 1) dx = 2; ∫₀^{π/4} sin³2x cos 2x dx = 1/8।
- ∫ₐ^b f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a), jahan F′(x) = f(x). Definite integral mein '+C' nahi likhte.
- ∫ dx/(a² + x²) = (1/a) tan⁻¹(x/a). MCQ: ∫₂^{2√3} dx/(4 + x²) = ½(π/3 − π/4) = π/24.
- 4 + 9x² mein pehle 9 bahar nikaaliye: 9(x² + 4/9). Isliye ∫₀^{2/3} dx/(4 + 9x²) = π/24.
- MCQ: ∫₂^3 dx/x = log 3 − log 2 = log(3/2); ∫₋₁^1 (x + 1) dx = 2; ∫₀^{π/4} sin³2x cos 2x dx = 1/8.
Evaluate ∫₀^{π/4} sin³2x cos 2x dx.∫₀^{π/4} sin³2x cos 2x dx का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।∫₀^{π/4} sin³2x cos 2x dx ka maan nikaliye.
- Put sin 2x = t, so 2 cos 2x dx = dt. x = 0 → t = 0; x = π/4 → t = 1.
- I = ½ ∫₀^1 t³ dt = ½ [t⁴/4]₀^1 = 1/8
- Answer: 1/8.
- sin 2x = t रखिए, तब 2 cos 2x dx = dt। x = 0 → t = 0; x = π/4 → t = 1।
- I = ½ ∫₀^1 t³ dt = ½ [t⁴/4]₀^1 = 1/8
- उत्तर: 1/8।
- sin 2x = t rakhiye, tab 2 cos 2x dx = dt. x = 0 → t = 0; x = π/4 → t = 1.
- I = ½ ∫₀^1 t³ dt = ½ [t⁴/4]₀^1 = 1/8
- Answer: 1/8.
Integration by partial fractionsआंशिक भिन्नों द्वारा समाकलनPartial fractions se integration
🔥 Asked in 6 of 7 years🔥 7 में से 6 वर्ष पूछा गया🔥 Aaya hai 6/7 saal🔴 Very importantबहुत महत्वपूर्णBahut important- Use when the integrand is (polynomial)/(polynomial). If the degree of the numerator ≥ degree of the denominator, divide first.
- Distinct linear factors: (px+q)/((x−a)(x−b)) = A/(x−a) + B/(x−b).
- Repeated factor: (px+q)/((x−a)²(x−b)) = A/(x−a) + B/(x−a)² + C/(x−b).
- Quadratic factor: (px²+qx+r)/((x−a)(x²+bx+c)) = A/(x−a) + (Bx+C)/(x²+bx+c).
- Find A, B quickly by putting x = a, x = b (the roots) in the identity; compare coefficients for the rest.
- x³ − x² − x + 1 = (x − 1)²(x + 1) — this factorisation comes in the papers.
- जब समाकल्य (बहुपद)/(बहुपद) हो। यदि अंश की घात ≥ हर की घात, तो पहले भाग दीजिए।
- भिन्न रैखिक गुणनखंड: (px+q)/((x−a)(x−b)) = A/(x−a) + B/(x−b)।
- पुनरावृत्त गुणनखंड: (px+q)/((x−a)²(x−b)) = A/(x−a) + B/(x−a)² + C/(x−b)।
- द्विघात गुणनखंड: (px²+qx+r)/((x−a)(x²+bx+c)) = A/(x−a) + (Bx+C)/(x²+bx+c)।
- सर्वसमिका में x = a, x = b (मूल) रखकर A, B जल्दी निकालिए; बाकी के लिए गुणांकों की तुलना कीजिए।
- x³ − x² − x + 1 = (x − 1)²(x + 1) — यह गुणनखंड प्रश्नपत्रों में आता है।
- Jab integrand (polynomial)/(polynomial) ho. Agar numerator ki degree ≥ denominator ki degree, toh pehle divide kijiye.
- Alag linear factors: (px+q)/((x−a)(x−b)) = A/(x−a) + B/(x−b).
- Repeated factor: (px+q)/((x−a)²(x−b)) = A/(x−a) + B/(x−a)² + C/(x−b).
- Quadratic factor: (px²+qx+r)/((x−a)(x²+bx+c)) = A/(x−a) + (Bx+C)/(x²+bx+c).
- Identity mein x = a, x = b (roots) rakhkar A, B jaldi nikaliye; baaki ke liye coefficients compare kijiye.
- x³ − x² − x + 1 = (x − 1)²(x + 1) — yeh factorisation papers mein aata hai.
Find ∫ (2x + 3)/((x − 1)(x + 2)) dx.∫ (2x + 3)/((x − 1)(x + 2)) dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ (2x + 3)/((x − 1)(x + 2)) dx nikaliye.
- Let (2x + 3)/((x − 1)(x + 2)) = A/(x − 1) + B/(x + 2), so 2x + 3 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 1).
- Put x = 1: 5 = 3A, A = 5/3. Put x = −2: −1 = −3B, B = 1/3.
- I = (5/3) ∫ dx/(x − 1) + (1/3) ∫ dx/(x + 2)
- Answer: I = (5/3) log|x − 1| + (1/3) log|x + 2| + C.
- माना (2x + 3)/((x − 1)(x + 2)) = A/(x − 1) + B/(x + 2), तब 2x + 3 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 1)।
- x = 1 रखने पर: 5 = 3A, A = 5/3। x = −2 रखने पर: −1 = −3B, B = 1/3।
- I = (5/3) ∫ dx/(x − 1) + (1/3) ∫ dx/(x + 2)
- उत्तर: I = (5/3) log|x − 1| + (1/3) log|x + 2| + C।
- Maan lijiye (2x + 3)/((x − 1)(x + 2)) = A/(x − 1) + B/(x + 2), tab 2x + 3 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 1).
- x = 1 rakhne par: 5 = 3A, A = 5/3. x = −2 rakhne par: −1 = −3B, B = 1/3.
- I = (5/3) ∫ dx/(x − 1) + (1/3) ∫ dx/(x + 2)
- Answer: I = (5/3) log|x − 1| + (1/3) log|x + 2| + C.
Find ∫ (x + 3)/((x − 1)²(x + 1)) dx.∫ (x + 3)/((x − 1)²(x + 1)) dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ (x + 3)/((x − 1)²(x + 1)) dx nikaliye.
- Let (x + 3)/((x − 1)²(x + 1)) = A/(x − 1) + B/(x − 1)² + C/(x + 1).
- x + 3 = A(x − 1)(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x − 1)²
- Put x = 1: 4 = 2B, B = 2. Put x = −1: 2 = 4C, C = ½.
- Compare coefficients of x²: 0 = A + C, so A = −½.
- I = −½ ∫ dx/(x − 1) + 2 ∫ dx/(x − 1)² + ½ ∫ dx/(x + 1)
- Answer: I = −½ log|x − 1| − 2/(x − 1) + ½ log|x + 1| + C = ½ log|(x + 1)/(x − 1)| − 2/(x − 1) + C.
- माना (x + 3)/((x − 1)²(x + 1)) = A/(x − 1) + B/(x − 1)² + C/(x + 1)।
- x + 3 = A(x − 1)(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x − 1)²
- x = 1 रखने पर: 4 = 2B, B = 2। x = −1 रखने पर: 2 = 4C, C = ½।
- x² के गुणांकों की तुलना: 0 = A + C, अतः A = −½।
- I = −½ ∫ dx/(x − 1) + 2 ∫ dx/(x − 1)² + ½ ∫ dx/(x + 1)
- उत्तर: I = −½ log|x − 1| − 2/(x − 1) + ½ log|x + 1| + C = ½ log|(x + 1)/(x − 1)| − 2/(x − 1) + C।
- Maan lijiye (x + 3)/((x − 1)²(x + 1)) = A/(x − 1) + B/(x − 1)² + C/(x + 1).
- x + 3 = A(x − 1)(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x − 1)²
- x = 1 rakhne par: 4 = 2B, B = 2. x = −1 rakhne par: 2 = 4C, C = ½.
- x² ke coefficients compare karne par: 0 = A + C, isliye A = −½.
- I = −½ ∫ dx/(x − 1) + 2 ∫ dx/(x − 1)² + ½ ∫ dx/(x + 1)
- Answer: I = −½ log|x − 1| − 2/(x − 1) + ½ log|x + 1| + C = ½ log|(x + 1)/(x − 1)| − 2/(x − 1) + C.
💡 For (x² + 1)/(x² − 3x + 2), the degrees are equal: divide first to get 1 + (3x − 1)/(x² − 3x + 2). Answer: x − 2 log|x − 1| + 5 log|x − 2| + C.(x² + 1)/(x² − 3x + 2) में घातें बराबर हैं: पहले भाग देकर 1 + (3x − 1)/(x² − 3x + 2) बनाइए। उत्तर: x − 2 log|x − 1| + 5 log|x − 2| + C।(x² + 1)/(x² − 3x + 2) mein degrees barabar hain: pehle divide karke 1 + (3x − 1)/(x² − 3x + 2) banaiye. Answer: x − 2 log|x − 1| + 5 log|x − 2| + C.
Special forms: ∫dx/(x² ± a²), ∫dx/(ax² + bx + c), √tan x + √cot xविशेष रूप: ∫dx/(x² ± a²), ∫dx/(ax² + bx + c), √tan x + √cot xSpecial forms: ∫dx/(x² ± a²), ∫dx/(ax² + bx + c), √tan x + √cot x
🔥 Asked in 5 of 7 years🔥 7 में से 5 वर्ष पूछा गया🔥 Aaya hai 5/7 saal🔴 Very importantबहुत महत्वपूर्णBahut important- Learn the six standard results in the formula box below exactly; most 1-2 mark questions are a direct use of one of them.
- For ax² + bx + c: complete the square. Example: x² + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)² + 2²; 2x − x² = 1 − (x − 1)².
- (px + q)/(ax² + bx + c): write px + q = A·(2ax + b) + B. The A part gives a log, the B part gives a special form.
- ∫(√tan x + √cot x) dx = √2 sin⁻¹(sin x − cos x) + C. Method: √tan x + √cot x = (sin x + cos x)/√(sin x cos x); put sin x − cos x = t.
- नीचे सूत्र-खंड के छह मानक परिणाम ठीक-ठीक याद कीजिए; अधिकांश 1-2 अंक के प्रश्न इन्हीं में से किसी का सीधा प्रयोग होते हैं।
- ax² + bx + c के लिए: पूर्ण वर्ग बनाइए। उदाहरण: x² + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)² + 2²; 2x − x² = 1 − (x − 1)²।
- (px + q)/(ax² + bx + c): px + q = A·(2ax + b) + B लिखिए। A वाला भाग log देता है, B वाला भाग विशेष रूप।
- ∫(√tan x + √cot x) dx = √2 sin⁻¹(sin x − cos x) + C। विधि: √tan x + √cot x = (sin x + cos x)/√(sin x cos x); sin x − cos x = t रखिए।
- Neeche formula box ke chhe standard results bilkul yaad kijiye; zyadatar 1-2 marks ke sawaal inhi mein se kisi ka seedha use hote hain.
- ax² + bx + c ke liye: complete the square. Example: x² + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)² + 2²; 2x − x² = 1 − (x − 1)².
- (px + q)/(ax² + bx + c): px + q = A·(2ax + b) + B likhiye. A wala hissa log deta hai, B wala hissa special form.
- ∫(√tan x + √cot x) dx = √2 sin⁻¹(sin x − cos x) + C. Method: √tan x + √cot x = (sin x + cos x)/√(sin x cos x); sin x − cos x = t rakhiye.
Find ∫ dx/(x² + 4x + 8).∫ dx/(x² + 4x + 8) ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ dx/(x² + 4x + 8) nikaliye.
- Complete the square: x² + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)² + 4 = (x + 2)² + 2².
- Put x + 2 = t, dx = dt: I = ∫ dt/(t² + 2²) = ½ tan⁻¹(t/2) + C.
- Answer: I = ½ tan⁻¹((x + 2)/2) + C.
- पूर्ण वर्ग: x² + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)² + 4 = (x + 2)² + 2²।
- x + 2 = t, dx = dt रखने पर: I = ∫ dt/(t² + 2²) = ½ tan⁻¹(t/2) + C।
- उत्तर: I = ½ tan⁻¹((x + 2)/2) + C।
- Complete the square: x² + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)² + 4 = (x + 2)² + 2².
- x + 2 = t, dx = dt rakhne par: I = ∫ dt/(t² + 2²) = ½ tan⁻¹(t/2) + C.
- Answer: I = ½ tan⁻¹((x + 2)/2) + C.
Find ∫ (√tan x + √cot x) dx.∫ (√tan x + √cot x) dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ (√tan x + √cot x) dx nikaliye.
- √tan x + √cot x = √sin x/√cos x + √cos x/√sin x = (sin x + cos x)/√(sin x cos x)
- Put sin x − cos x = t, so (cos x + sin x) dx = dt.
- Squaring: t² = 1 − 2 sin x cos x, so sin x cos x = (1 − t²)/2.
- I = ∫ dt/√((1 − t²)/2) = √2 ∫ dt/√(1 − t²) = √2 sin⁻¹t + C
- Answer: I = √2 sin⁻¹(sin x − cos x) + C.
- √tan x + √cot x = √sin x/√cos x + √cos x/√sin x = (sin x + cos x)/√(sin x cos x)
- sin x − cos x = t रखिए, तब (cos x + sin x) dx = dt।
- वर्ग करने पर: t² = 1 − 2 sin x cos x, अतः sin x cos x = (1 − t²)/2।
- I = ∫ dt/√((1 − t²)/2) = √2 ∫ dt/√(1 − t²) = √2 sin⁻¹t + C
- उत्तर: I = √2 sin⁻¹(sin x − cos x) + C।
- √tan x + √cot x = √sin x/√cos x + √cos x/√sin x = (sin x + cos x)/√(sin x cos x)
- sin x − cos x = t rakhiye, tab (cos x + sin x) dx = dt.
- Square karne par: t² = 1 − 2 sin x cos x, isliye sin x cos x = (1 − t²)/2.
- I = ∫ dt/√((1 − t²)/2) = √2 ∫ dt/√(1 − t²) = √2 sin⁻¹t + C
- Answer: I = √2 sin⁻¹(sin x − cos x) + C.
💡 Do not mix up the two log forms: x² − a² gives (x − a)/(x + a); a² − x² gives (a + x)/(a − x).दोनों log रूपों में भ्रम न करें: x² − a² से (x − a)/(x + a); a² − x² से (a + x)/(a − x)।Dono log forms mein confuse mat hoiye: x² − a² se (x − a)/(x + a); a² − x² se (a + x)/(a − x).
Integrals of √(x² + a²), √(x² − a²), √(a² − x²)√(x² + a²), √(x² − a²), √(a² − x²) के समाकलन√(x² + a²), √(x² − a²), √(a² − x²) ke integrals
Asked in 3 of 7 years7 में से 3 वर्ष पूछा गयाAaya hai 3/7 saal- Complete the square inside the root first, e.g. x² + 4x + 5 = (x + 2)² + 1; then use the formula with x + 2 in place of x.
- Each formula has two parts: (x/2)·√(…) and (a²/2)·(log or sin⁻¹). Only √(a² − x²) has sin⁻¹; the other two have log.
- पहले मूल के अंदर पूर्ण वर्ग बनाइए, जैसे x² + 4x + 5 = (x + 2)² + 1; फिर सूत्र में x के स्थान पर x + 2 रखिए।
- हर सूत्र के दो भाग हैं: (x/2)·√(…) और (a²/2)·(log या sin⁻¹)। केवल √(a² − x²) में sin⁻¹ है; बाकी दोनों में log।
- Pehle root ke andar complete the square kijiye, jaise x² + 4x + 5 = (x + 2)² + 1; phir formula mein x ki jagah x + 2 rakhiye.
- Har formula ke do hisse hain: (x/2)·√(…) aur (a²/2)·(log ya sin⁻¹). Sirf √(a² − x²) mein sin⁻¹ hai; baaki dono mein log.
Find ∫ √(x² + 4x + 5) dx.∫ √(x² + 4x + 5) dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ √(x² + 4x + 5) dx nikaliye.
- x² + 4x + 5 = (x + 2)² + 1²
- Put x + 2 = t, dx = dt: I = ∫ √(t² + 1²) dt.
- I = (t/2)√(t² + 1) + ½ log|t + √(t² + 1)| + C
- Answer: I = ((x + 2)/2)√(x² + 4x + 5) + ½ log|x + 2 + √(x² + 4x + 5)| + C.
- x² + 4x + 5 = (x + 2)² + 1²
- x + 2 = t, dx = dt रखने पर: I = ∫ √(t² + 1²) dt।
- I = (t/2)√(t² + 1) + ½ log|t + √(t² + 1)| + C
- उत्तर: I = ((x + 2)/2)√(x² + 4x + 5) + ½ log|x + 2 + √(x² + 4x + 5)| + C।
- x² + 4x + 5 = (x + 2)² + 1²
- x + 2 = t, dx = dt rakhne par: I = ∫ √(t² + 1²) dt.
- I = (t/2)√(t² + 1) + ½ log|t + √(t² + 1)| + C
- Answer: I = ((x + 2)/2)√(x² + 4x + 5) + ½ log|x + 2 + √(x² + 4x + 5)| + C.
∫ eˣ[f(x) + f′(x)] dx = eˣ f(x) + C∫ eˣ[f(x) + f′(x)] dx = eˣ f(x) + C∫ eˣ[f(x) + f′(x)] dx = eˣ f(x) + C
Asked in 3 of 7 years7 में से 3 वर्ष पूछा गयाAaya hai 3/7 saal- Whenever eˣ multiplies a bracket, check if the bracket is f(x) + f′(x). Then the answer is simply eˣ f(x) + C.
- Examples: ∫ eˣ(sin x + cos x) dx = eˣ sin x + C; ∫ eˣ(tan⁻¹x + 1/(1 + x²)) dx = eˣ tan⁻¹x + C; ∫ eˣ(1/x − 1/x²) dx = eˣ/x + C.
- Trig version: (1 + sin x)/(1 + cos x) = ½sec²(x/2) + tan(x/2) — that is f′ + f with f = tan(x/2).
- जब भी eˣ किसी कोष्ठक से गुणा हो, देखिए कि कोष्ठक f(x) + f′(x) है या नहीं। तब उत्तर सीधे eˣ f(x) + C है।
- उदाहरण: ∫ eˣ(sin x + cos x) dx = eˣ sin x + C; ∫ eˣ(tan⁻¹x + 1/(1 + x²)) dx = eˣ tan⁻¹x + C; ∫ eˣ(1/x − 1/x²) dx = eˣ/x + C।
- त्रिकोणमितीय रूप: (1 + sin x)/(1 + cos x) = ½sec²(x/2) + tan(x/2) — यह f = tan(x/2) के लिए f′ + f है।
- Jab bhi eˣ kisi bracket se multiply ho, dekhiye ki bracket f(x) + f′(x) hai ya nahi. Tab answer seedha eˣ f(x) + C hai.
- Examples: ∫ eˣ(sin x + cos x) dx = eˣ sin x + C; ∫ eˣ(tan⁻¹x + 1/(1 + x²)) dx = eˣ tan⁻¹x + C; ∫ eˣ(1/x − 1/x²) dx = eˣ/x + C.
- Trig version: (1 + sin x)/(1 + cos x) = ½sec²(x/2) + tan(x/2) — yeh f = tan(x/2) ke liye f′ + f hai.
Find ∫ eˣ (1 + sin x)/(1 + cos x) dx.∫ eˣ (1 + sin x)/(1 + cos x) dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ eˣ (1 + sin x)/(1 + cos x) dx nikaliye.
- 1 + cos x = 2cos²(x/2) and sin x = 2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2).
- (1 + sin x)/(1 + cos x) = 1/(2cos²(x/2)) + 2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2)/(2cos²(x/2)) = ½ sec²(x/2) + tan(x/2)
- Take f(x) = tan(x/2); then f′(x) = ½ sec²(x/2).
- I = ∫ eˣ[f(x) + f′(x)] dx = eˣ f(x) + C
- Answer: I = eˣ tan(x/2) + C.
- 1 + cos x = 2cos²(x/2) तथा sin x = 2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2)।
- (1 + sin x)/(1 + cos x) = 1/(2cos²(x/2)) + 2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2)/(2cos²(x/2)) = ½ sec²(x/2) + tan(x/2)
- f(x) = tan(x/2) लीजिए; तब f′(x) = ½ sec²(x/2)।
- I = ∫ eˣ[f(x) + f′(x)] dx = eˣ f(x) + C
- उत्तर: I = eˣ tan(x/2) + C।
- 1 + cos x = 2cos²(x/2) aur sin x = 2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2).
- (1 + sin x)/(1 + cos x) = 1/(2cos²(x/2)) + 2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2)/(2cos²(x/2)) = ½ sec²(x/2) + tan(x/2)
- f(x) = tan(x/2) lijiye; tab f′(x) = ½ sec²(x/2).
- I = ∫ eˣ[f(x) + f′(x)] dx = eˣ f(x) + C
- Answer: I = eˣ tan(x/2) + C.
Basic standard integrals (1-mark questions)मूल मानक समाकलन (1 अंक के प्रश्न)Basic standard integrals (1 mark ke sawaal)
Asked in 3 of 7 years7 में से 3 वर्ष पूछा गयाAaya hai 3/7 saal- ∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n + 1) + C (n ≠ −1); ∫ dx/x = log|x| + C; ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C; ∫ aˣ dx = aˣ/log a + C.
- ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C; ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C; ∫ sec²x dx = tan x + C; ∫ cosec²x dx = −cot x + C; ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C; ∫ cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + C.
- With a constant inside: ∫ sin 3x dx = −(cos 3x)/3 + C (divide by the coefficient of x).
- MCQ: ∫ cosec x (cosec x + cot x) dx = ∫ (cosec²x + cosec x cot x) dx = −cot x − cosec x + C.
- ∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n + 1) + C (n ≠ −1); ∫ dx/x = log|x| + C; ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C; ∫ aˣ dx = aˣ/log a + C।
- ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C; ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C; ∫ sec²x dx = tan x + C; ∫ cosec²x dx = −cot x + C; ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C; ∫ cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + C।
- अंदर अचर हो तो: ∫ sin 3x dx = −(cos 3x)/3 + C (x के गुणांक से भाग दीजिए)।
- MCQ: ∫ cosec x (cosec x + cot x) dx = ∫ (cosec²x + cosec x cot x) dx = −cot x − cosec x + C।
- ∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n + 1) + C (n ≠ −1); ∫ dx/x = log|x| + C; ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C; ∫ aˣ dx = aˣ/log a + C.
- ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C; ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C; ∫ sec²x dx = tan x + C; ∫ cosec²x dx = −cot x + C; ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C; ∫ cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + C.
- Andar constant ho toh: ∫ sin 3x dx = −(cos 3x)/3 + C (x ke coefficient se divide kijiye).
- MCQ: ∫ cosec x (cosec x + cot x) dx = ∫ (cosec²x + cosec x cot x) dx = −cot x − cosec x + C.
Full derivations, tricky questions, common mistakes and quick revision.पूरी व्युत्पत्तियाँ, कठिन प्रश्न, आम गलतियाँ और त्वरित पुनरावृत्ति।Poori derivations, tricky sawaal, aam galtiyan aur quick revision.
📐 Prove that ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx = −(π/2) log 2सिद्ध कीजिए कि ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx = −(π/2) log 2Siddh kijiye ki ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx = −(π/2) log 2
- Let I = ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx …(1). By P4, I = ∫₀^{π/2} log cos x dx …(2).
- Adding: 2I = ∫₀^{π/2} log(sin x cos x) dx = ∫₀^{π/2} log(sin 2x/2) dx = ∫₀^{π/2} log sin 2x dx − (π/2) log 2.
- In I₁ = ∫₀^{π/2} log sin 2x dx put 2x = t, dx = dt/2; x: 0 → π/2 gives t: 0 → π. I₁ = ½ ∫₀^π log sin t dt.
- Since sin(π − t) = sin t, by P7: ∫₀^π log sin t dt = 2∫₀^{π/2} log sin t dt = 2I. So I₁ = I.
- 2I = I − (π/2) log 2, so I = −(π/2) log 2. Proved.
- माना I = ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx …(1)। P4 से, I = ∫₀^{π/2} log cos x dx …(2)।
- जोड़ने पर: 2I = ∫₀^{π/2} log(sin x cos x) dx = ∫₀^{π/2} log(sin 2x/2) dx = ∫₀^{π/2} log sin 2x dx − (π/2) log 2।
- I₁ = ∫₀^{π/2} log sin 2x dx में 2x = t, dx = dt/2 रखिए; x: 0 → π/2 से t: 0 → π। I₁ = ½ ∫₀^π log sin t dt।
- चूँकि sin(π − t) = sin t, P7 से: ∫₀^π log sin t dt = 2∫₀^{π/2} log sin t dt = 2I। अतः I₁ = I।
- 2I = I − (π/2) log 2, अतः I = −(π/2) log 2। सिद्ध हुआ।
- Maan lijiye I = ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx …(1). P4 se, I = ∫₀^{π/2} log cos x dx …(2).
- Jodne par: 2I = ∫₀^{π/2} log(sin x cos x) dx = ∫₀^{π/2} log(sin 2x/2) dx = ∫₀^{π/2} log sin 2x dx − (π/2) log 2.
- I₁ = ∫₀^{π/2} log sin 2x dx mein 2x = t, dx = dt/2 rakhiye; x: 0 → π/2 se t: 0 → π. I₁ = ½ ∫₀^π log sin t dt.
- Kyunki sin(π − t) = sin t, P7 se: ∫₀^π log sin t dt = 2∫₀^{π/2} log sin t dt = 2I. Isliye I₁ = I.
- 2I = I − (π/2) log 2, isliye I = −(π/2) log 2. Siddh hua.
📐 Derive ∫ dx/(x² − a²) = (1/2a) log|(x − a)/(x + a)| + C∫ dx/(x² − a²) = (1/2a) log|(x − a)/(x + a)| + C की स्थापना∫ dx/(x² − a²) = (1/2a) log|(x − a)/(x + a)| + C derive kijiye
- 1/(x² − a²) = 1/((x − a)(x + a)) = (1/2a)[1/(x − a) − 1/(x + a)].
- ∫ dx/(x² − a²) = (1/2a)[log|x − a| − log|x + a|] + C
- = (1/2a) log|(x − a)/(x + a)| + C. Proved.
- 1/(x² − a²) = 1/((x − a)(x + a)) = (1/2a)[1/(x − a) − 1/(x + a)]।
- ∫ dx/(x² − a²) = (1/2a)[log|x − a| − log|x + a|] + C
- = (1/2a) log|(x − a)/(x + a)| + C। सिद्ध हुआ।
- 1/(x² − a²) = 1/((x − a)(x + a)) = (1/2a)[1/(x − a) − 1/(x + a)].
- ∫ dx/(x² − a²) = (1/2a)[log|x − a| − log|x + a|] + C
- = (1/2a) log|(x − a)/(x + a)| + C. Siddh hua.
Find ∫ x sin⁻¹x/√(1 − x²) dx.∫ x sin⁻¹x/√(1 − x²) dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ x sin⁻¹x/√(1 − x²) dx nikaliye.
- Put sin⁻¹x = t: x = sin t, dx/√(1 − x²) = dt.
- I = ∫ t sin t dt. By parts (t first): I = −t cos t + ∫ cos t dt = −t cos t + sin t + C.
- cos t = √(1 − x²), sin t = x. Answer: I = x − √(1 − x²) sin⁻¹x + C.
- sin⁻¹x = t रखिए: x = sin t, dx/√(1 − x²) = dt।
- I = ∫ t sin t dt। खंडशः (t प्रथम): I = −t cos t + ∫ cos t dt = −t cos t + sin t + C।
- cos t = √(1 − x²), sin t = x। उत्तर: I = x − √(1 − x²) sin⁻¹x + C।
- sin⁻¹x = t rakhiye: x = sin t, dx/√(1 − x²) = dt.
- I = ∫ t sin t dt. By parts (t first): I = −t cos t + ∫ cos t dt = −t cos t + sin t + C.
- cos t = √(1 − x²), sin t = x. Answer: I = x − √(1 − x²) sin⁻¹x + C.
Evaluate ∫_{π/6}^{π/3} dx/(1 + √tan x).∫_{π/6}^{π/3} dx/(1 + √tan x) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।∫_{π/6}^{π/3} dx/(1 + √tan x) ka maan nikaliye.
- Write it as I = ∫ √cos x/(√cos x + √sin x) dx from π/6 to π/3 …(1).
- Use P3 with a + b = π/2: x → π/2 − x swaps sin and cos: I = ∫ √sin x/(√sin x + √cos x) dx …(2).
- Adding: 2I = ∫_{π/6}^{π/3} dx = π/3 − π/6 = π/6. Answer: I = π/12.
- इसे I = ∫ √cos x/(√cos x + √sin x) dx, π/6 से π/3 तक लिखिए …(1)।
- P3 लगाइए, a + b = π/2: x → π/2 − x से sin और cos आपस में बदलते हैं: I = ∫ √sin x/(√sin x + √cos x) dx …(2)।
- जोड़ने पर: 2I = ∫_{π/6}^{π/3} dx = π/3 − π/6 = π/6। उत्तर: I = π/12।
- Ise I = ∫ √cos x/(√cos x + √sin x) dx, π/6 se π/3 tak likhiye …(1).
- P3 lagaiye, a + b = π/2: x → π/2 − x se sin aur cos aapas mein badalte hain: I = ∫ √sin x/(√sin x + √cos x) dx …(2).
- Jodne par: 2I = ∫_{π/6}^{π/3} dx = π/3 − π/6 = π/6. Answer: I = π/12.
Find ∫ (x + 2)/(2x² + 6x + 5) dx.∫ (x + 2)/(2x² + 6x + 5) dx ज्ञात कीजिए।∫ (x + 2)/(2x² + 6x + 5) dx nikaliye.
- d/dx(2x² + 6x + 5) = 4x + 6. Write x + 2 = ¼(4x + 6) + ½.
- I = ¼ ∫ (4x + 6)/(2x² + 6x + 5) dx + ½ ∫ dx/(2x² + 6x + 5)
- First part = ¼ log(2x² + 6x + 5). Second: 2x² + 6x + 5 = 2[(x + 3/2)² + (1/2)²], so ½ ∫ … = ¼ · 2 tan⁻¹(2x + 3) = ½ tan⁻¹(2x + 3).
- Answer: I = ¼ log(2x² + 6x + 5) + ½ tan⁻¹(2x + 3) + C.
- d/dx(2x² + 6x + 5) = 4x + 6। x + 2 = ¼(4x + 6) + ½ लिखिए।
- I = ¼ ∫ (4x + 6)/(2x² + 6x + 5) dx + ½ ∫ dx/(2x² + 6x + 5)
- पहला भाग = ¼ log(2x² + 6x + 5)। दूसरा: 2x² + 6x + 5 = 2[(x + 3/2)² + (1/2)²], अतः ½ ∫ … = ¼ · 2 tan⁻¹(2x + 3) = ½ tan⁻¹(2x + 3)।
- उत्तर: I = ¼ log(2x² + 6x + 5) + ½ tan⁻¹(2x + 3) + C।
- d/dx(2x² + 6x + 5) = 4x + 6. x + 2 = ¼(4x + 6) + ½ likhiye.
- I = ¼ ∫ (4x + 6)/(2x² + 6x + 5) dx + ½ ∫ dx/(2x² + 6x + 5)
- Pehla hissa = ¼ log(2x² + 6x + 5). Doosra: 2x² + 6x + 5 = 2[(x + 3/2)² + (1/2)²], isliye ½ ∫ … = ¼ · 2 tan⁻¹(2x + 3) = ½ tan⁻¹(2x + 3).
- Answer: I = ¼ log(2x² + 6x + 5) + ½ tan⁻¹(2x + 3) + C.
⚠️ Common mistakesआम गलतियाँAam galtiyan
- Writing +C in a definite integral → no C after putting limits.
- Forgetting to change limits after substitution → change them, or go back to x before putting limits.
- ∫ sin x dx = cos x → correct is −cos x + C.
- In |…| questions, integrating without splitting → split at the zero and use the correct sign in each part.
- Choosing eˣ as the first function in by parts → by ILATE, eˣ is always the second.
- Partial fractions when the numerator degree is not smaller → divide first.
- निश्चित समाकलन में +C लिखना → सीमाएँ रखने के बाद C नहीं।
- प्रतिस्थापन के बाद सीमाएँ न बदलना → बदलिए, या सीमाएँ रखने से पहले x में लौटिए।
- ∫ sin x dx = cos x → सही है −cos x + C।
- |…| वाले प्रश्नों में बिना विभाजन समाकलन → शून्य वाले बिंदु पर तोड़िए और हर भाग में सही चिह्न लीजिए।
- खंडशः में eˣ को प्रथम फलन चुनना → ILATE के अनुसार eˣ हमेशा द्वितीय होता है।
- अंश की घात छोटी न होने पर भी आंशिक भिन्न → पहले भाग दीजिए।
- Definite integral mein +C likhna → limits lagane ke baad C nahi.
- Substitution ke baad limits na badalna → badaliye, ya limits lagane se pehle x mein wapas aaiye.
- ∫ sin x dx = cos x → sahi hai −cos x + C.
- |…| wale sawaalon mein bina split kiye integrate karna → zero wale point par todiye aur har hisse mein sahi sign lijiye.
- By parts mein eˣ ko first function chunna → ILATE ke hisaab se eˣ hamesha second hota hai.
- Numerator ki degree chhoti na ho tab bhi partial fraction → pehle divide kijiye.
💎 Rarely asked but importantकम पूछा गया पर ज़रूरीKam aaya par zaroori
- ∫ dx/(a + b cos x) type: put tan(x/2) = t, cos x = (1 − t²)/(1 + t²), dx = 2dt/(1 + t²).
- ∫ dx/(x(x² + 1)) = log|x| − ½ log(x² + 1) + C (partial fraction with a quadratic factor).
- ∫ dx/√(2x − x²) = sin⁻¹(x − 1) + C, since 2x − x² = 1 − (x − 1)².
- ∫ dx/(a + b cos x) प्रकार: tan(x/2) = t रखिए, cos x = (1 − t²)/(1 + t²), dx = 2dt/(1 + t²)।
- ∫ dx/(x(x² + 1)) = log|x| − ½ log(x² + 1) + C (द्विघात गुणनखंड वाला आंशिक भिन्न)।
- ∫ dx/√(2x − x²) = sin⁻¹(x − 1) + C, क्योंकि 2x − x² = 1 − (x − 1)²।
- ∫ dx/(a + b cos x) type: tan(x/2) = t rakhiye, cos x = (1 − t²)/(1 + t²), dx = 2dt/(1 + t²).
- ∫ dx/(x(x² + 1)) = log|x| − ½ log(x² + 1) + C (quadratic factor wala partial fraction).
- ∫ dx/√(2x − x²) = sin⁻¹(x − 1) + C, kyunki 2x − x² = 1 − (x − 1)².
⚡ Quick revisionत्वरित पुनरावृत्तिQuick revision
- ∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C
- ∫ dx/x = log|x| + C
- ∫ tan x dx = log|sec x| + C
- ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C
- ∫ dx/(x² + a²) = (1/a) tan⁻¹(x/a) + C
- ∫ dx/√(a² − x²) = sin⁻¹(x/a) + C
- ∫ dx/(x² − a²) = (1/2a) log|(x − a)/(x + a)| + C
- ∫ dx/√(x² ± a²) = log|x + √(x² ± a²)| + C
- ∫ u v dx = u∫v dx − ∫(u′∫v dx) dx (ILATE)
- ∫ eˣ[f + f′] dx = eˣ f + C
- ∫₀^a f(x) dx = ∫₀^a f(a − x) dx
- ∫₋ₐ^a f = 2∫₀^a f (even), 0 (odd)
- ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx = −(π/2) log 2
- cos²x = (1 + cos 2x)/2, sin²x = (1 − cos 2x)/2
- ∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C
- ∫ dx/x = log|x| + C
- ∫ tan x dx = log|sec x| + C
- ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C
- ∫ dx/(x² + a²) = (1/a) tan⁻¹(x/a) + C
- ∫ dx/√(a² − x²) = sin⁻¹(x/a) + C
- ∫ dx/(x² − a²) = (1/2a) log|(x − a)/(x + a)| + C
- ∫ dx/√(x² ± a²) = log|x + √(x² ± a²)| + C
- ∫ u v dx = u∫v dx − ∫(u′∫v dx) dx (ILATE)
- ∫ eˣ[f + f′] dx = eˣ f + C
- ∫₀^a f(x) dx = ∫₀^a f(a − x) dx
- ∫₋ₐ^a f = 2∫₀^a f (even), 0 (odd)
- ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx = −(π/2) log 2
- cos²x = (1 + cos 2x)/2, sin²x = (1 − cos 2x)/2
- ∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C
- ∫ dx/x = log|x| + C
- ∫ tan x dx = log|sec x| + C
- ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C
- ∫ dx/(x² + a²) = (1/a) tan⁻¹(x/a) + C
- ∫ dx/√(a² − x²) = sin⁻¹(x/a) + C
- ∫ dx/(x² − a²) = (1/2a) log|(x − a)/(x + a)| + C
- ∫ dx/√(x² ± a²) = log|x + √(x² ± a²)| + C
- ∫ u v dx = u∫v dx − ∫(u′∫v dx) dx (ILATE)
- ∫ eˣ[f + f′] dx = eˣ f + C
- ∫₀^a f(x) dx = ∫₀^a f(a − x) dx
- ∫₋ₐ^a f = 2∫₀^a f (even), 0 (odd)
- ∫₀^{π/2} log sin x dx = −(π/2) log 2
- cos²x = (1 + cos 2x)/2, sin²x = (1 − cos 2x)/2
🚫 Removed, skip itहटाया गया, इसे छोड़ देंHata diya gaya, ise chhod dijiye
- Definite integral as the limit of a sum (e.g. ∫ x² dx as a limit of a sum) — removed from the rationalised NCERT book and not in the UPMSP 2026-27 syllabus. It came in some older papers; skip it.योगफल की सीमा के रूप में निश्चित समाकलन (जैसे ∫ x² dx योग की सीमा के रूप में) — युक्तिसंगत NCERT पुस्तक से हटाया गया और UPMSP 2026-27 पाठ्यक्रम में नहीं। कुछ पुराने प्रश्नपत्रों में आया था; छोड़ दीजिए।Limit of a sum ke roop mein definite integral (jaise ∫ x² dx limit of sum se) — rationalised NCERT book se hata diya gaya aur UPMSP 2026-27 syllabus mein nahi. Kuch purane papers mein aaya tha; chhod dijiye.
Notes written by Simple Learning Hub from the current NCERT syllabus. Year counts come only from UP Board papers we actually read.नोट्स Simple Learning Hub ने वर्तमान NCERT पाठ्यक्रम से लिखे हैं। वर्षों की गिनती केवल उन यूपी बोर्ड पेपरों से है जो हमने सच में पढ़े।Notes Simple Learning Hub ne current NCERT syllabus se likhe hain. Saalon ki ginti sirf un UP Board papers se hai jo humne sach mein padhe.