Writing: Article and Lettersलेखन: लेख (Article) और पत्रWriting: Article aur Letters

• Format: TITLE in capitals at the top → 'by (your name)' → 4–5 short paragraphs → no 'Yours faithfully' (an article is not a letter).
• Paragraph plan (works for every title): 1 Introduction (what the issue is, why it matters) → 2 Causes → 3 Effects/importance → 4 Solutions/suggestions → 5 Conclusion (hope or appeal).
• Titles that keep coming back in the papers: Unemployment (problem / causes / solutions), Price Rise, Pollution and the Environment, Dowry System, Women's role/safety, Importance of Health and Games, Science in the service of mankind, Online Classes, Water Conservation, Clean Cities.
• Keep to about 150 words; very long articles do not get extra marks, and they eat your time.
• Use simple linking words: firstly, moreover, however, as a result, therefore, in short.
• Marks go for: format and title (2), content and ideas (4), language and accuracy (4).

• प्रारूप: सबसे ऊपर शीर्षक बड़े अक्षरों में → 'by (आपका नाम)' → 4–5 छोटे अनुच्छेद → अंत में 'Yours faithfully' नहीं (लेख पत्र नहीं है)।
• अनुच्छेद योजना (हर शीर्षक पर चलती है): 1 भूमिका (समस्या क्या है, क्यों महत्त्वपूर्ण) → 2 कारण → 3 प्रभाव/महत्त्व → 4 समाधान/सुझाव → 5 उपसंहार (आशा या अपील)।
• प्रश्नपत्रों में बार-बार आने वाले शीर्षक: Unemployment (समस्या / कारण / समाधान), Price Rise, Pollution and the Environment, Dowry System, महिलाओं की भूमिका/सुरक्षा, स्वास्थ्य और खेलों का महत्त्व, Science in the service of mankind, Online Classes, Water Conservation, Clean Cities।
• लगभग 150 शब्द रखिए; बहुत लंबे लेख पर अतिरिक्त अंक नहीं मिलते, समय नष्ट होता है।
• सरल जोड़ने वाले शब्द प्रयोग करें: firstly, moreover, however, as a result, therefore, in short।
• अंक मिलते हैं: प्रारूप और शीर्षक (2), विषय-वस्तु और विचार (4), भाषा और शुद्धता (4)।

• Format: sabse upar TITLE capital letters mein → 'by (aapka naam)' → 4–5 chhote paragraphs → end mein 'Yours faithfully' nahi (article letter nahi hai).
• Paragraph plan (har title par chalta hai): 1 Introduction (issue kya hai, kyon important) → 2 Causes → 3 Effects/importance → 4 Solutions/suggestions → 5 Conclusion (hope ya appeal).
• Papers mein baar-baar aane wale titles: Unemployment (problem / causes / solutions), Price Rise, Pollution and the Environment, Dowry System, Women ka role/safety, Health aur Games ka importance, Science in the service of mankind, Online Classes, Water Conservation, Clean Cities.
• Lagbhag 150 words rakhiye; bahut lambe article par extra marks nahi milte, time waste hota hai.
• Simple linking words use kijiye: firstly, moreover, however, as a result, therefore, in short.
• Marks milte hain: format aur title (2), content aur ideas (4), language aur accuracy (4).

💡 Write the title in capitals and your name under it; many students lose the format mark here.शीर्षक बड़े अक्षरों में और उसके नीचे अपना नाम लिखें; बहुत से छात्र यहीं प्रारूप का अंक खो देते हैं।Title capital letters mein aur uske neeche apna naam likhiye; bahut students yahin format ka mark kho dete hain.

• Format: To → designation, office, city → Date → Subject → Sir/Madam, → body (3 paras) → Yours obediently (to Principal) / Yours faithfully (to officers) → name, class/roll no. or address.
• Para 1: who you are and the problem ('With due respect, I beg to state that …').
• Para 2: details and reasons (why you need it, what you have done so far).
• Para 3: the exact request and thanks ('I, therefore, request you to kindly … I shall be highly grateful to you.').
• Requests that keep coming: full fee concession / free studentship, library books or magazines, games and sports facilities, co-curricular activities, a testimonial or games certificate, joining the college team.
• Letters to officers that repeat: D.M. to start flood relief / tackle the flood situation, S.P. to improve law and order, C.M.O. for a vaccination programme, Post Office to open a new branch.
• If the question gives a name (e.g. 'as Rohit'), sign with that name only; never write your real name or roll number of the exam.

• प्रारूप: To → पदनाम, कार्यालय, नगर → दिनांक → विषय (Subject) → Sir/Madam, → मुख्य भाग (3 अनुच्छेद) → Yours obediently (प्रधानाचार्य को) / Yours faithfully (अधिकारियों को) → नाम, कक्षा/अनुक्रमांक या पता।
• अनुच्छेद 1: आप कौन हैं और समस्या क्या है ('With due respect, I beg to state that …')।
• अनुच्छेद 2: विवरण और कारण (आवश्यकता क्यों, अब तक क्या किया)।
• अनुच्छेद 3: सटीक अनुरोध और धन्यवाद ('I, therefore, request you to kindly … I shall be highly grateful to you.')।
• बार-बार आने वाले अनुरोध: पूर्ण शुल्क-मुक्ति / निःशुल्क अध्ययन, पुस्तकालय की पुस्तकें या पत्रिकाएँ, खेल सुविधाएँ, सह-पाठ्यक्रम गतिविधियाँ, चरित्र प्रमाण-पत्र या खेल प्रमाण-पत्र, कॉलेज टीम में शामिल होना।
• अधिकारियों को बार-बार: जिलाधिकारी से बाढ़ राहत, पुलिस अधीक्षक से क़ानून-व्यवस्था सुधार, C.M.O. से टीकाकरण, डाकघर की नई शाखा।
• यदि प्रश्न में नाम दिया हो (जैसे 'as Rohit') तो वही नाम लिखें; परीक्षा में अपना असली नाम या अनुक्रमांक कभी न लिखें।

• Format: To → designation, office, city → Date → Subject → Sir/Madam, → body (3 paras) → Yours obediently (Principal ko) / Yours faithfully (officers ko) → naam, class/roll no. ya address.
• Para 1: aap kaun hain aur problem kya hai ('With due respect, I beg to state that …').
• Para 2: details aur reasons (kyon chahiye, ab tak kya kiya).
• Para 3: exact request aur thanks ('I, therefore, request you to kindly … I shall be highly grateful to you.').
• Baar-baar aane wale requests: full fee concession / free studentship, library books ya magazines, games-sports facilities, co-curricular activities, testimonial ya games certificate, college team join karna.
• Officers ko baar-baar: D.M. se flood relief, S.P. se law and order sudhaar, C.M.O. se vaccination, Post Office ki nayi branch.
• Agar question mein naam diya ho (jaise 'as Rohit') to wahi naam likhiye; exam mein apna asli naam ya roll number kabhi mat likhiye.

• Format: sender's address (or 'Examination Hall') → Date → To, The Editor, (newspaper), city → Subject → Sir, → body → Thanking you, Yours faithfully, → name.
• Fixed opening line: 'Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the authorities concerned to …'.
• Body: para 1 the problem, para 2 its effects on people (students, patients, shopkeepers), para 3 the action you want.
• Subjects that repeat: frequent breakdown of electricity, poor water supply, cleanliness of your city, sewage and sanitation, flood situation, price rise, unfair practices in competitive exams, contagious diseases, rise in fuel prices or water tax.
• Tone: serious and polite; complain about the problem, not about a named person.

• प्रारूप: प्रेषक का पता (या 'Examination Hall') → दिनांक → To, The Editor, (समाचार-पत्र), नगर → विषय → Sir, → मुख्य भाग → Thanking you, Yours faithfully, → नाम।
• निश्चित आरम्भिक पंक्ति: 'Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the authorities concerned to …'।
• मुख्य भाग: अनुच्छेद 1 समस्या, अनुच्छेद 2 लोगों पर प्रभाव (छात्र, रोगी, दुकानदार), अनुच्छेद 3 अपेक्षित कार्रवाई।
• बार-बार आने वाले विषय: बार-बार बिजली जाना, पानी की ख़राब आपूर्ति, नगर की सफ़ाई, सीवर व स्वच्छता, बाढ़ की स्थिति, महँगाई, प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में अनुचित साधन, संक्रामक रोग, ईंधन मूल्य या जल-कर में वृद्धि।
• भाषा-शैली: गम्भीर और विनम्र; समस्या की शिकायत करें, किसी व्यक्ति विशेष की नहीं।

• Format: sender ka address (ya 'Examination Hall') → Date → To, The Editor, (newspaper), city → Subject → Sir, → body → Thanking you, Yours faithfully, → naam.
• Fixed opening line: 'Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the authorities concerned to …'.
• Body: para 1 problem, para 2 logon par effect (students, patients, shopkeepers), para 3 jo action chahiye.
• Repeat hone wale subjects: baar-baar bijli jaana, paani ki kharab supply, city ki safai, sewage aur sanitation, flood, price rise, competitive exams mein unfair practices, contagious diseases, fuel price ya water tax badhna.
• Tone: serious aur polite; problem ki complaint kijiye, kisi naam wale insaan ki nahi.

💡 Same letter frame works for water, sanitation, floods or price rise: change only the subject line and paragraph 2.यही ढाँचा पानी, सफ़ाई, बाढ़ या महँगाई पर भी चलता है: केवल विषय-पंक्ति और अनुच्छेद 2 बदलिए।Yahi frame paani, safai, flood ya price rise par bhi chalta hai: sirf subject line aur paragraph 2 badaliye.

• Format is the same as a formal letter: address/Examination Hall → date → To, officer, office, city → Subject → Sir, → 3 paras → Yours faithfully, → name.
• Para 1: state the complaint clearly in one line. Para 2: facts (since when, how bad, who suffers). Para 3: the remedy you want and by when.
• Repeating complaints: insanitary conditions of the locality, shortage of books in the college library, shortage of drinking water, erratic water supply, power breakdown, bad grain from ration shops, solid waste, a wrong book sent by a bookseller.
• To a bookseller: mention order date, book title ordered, title received, and ask for replacement at their cost.

• प्रारूप औपचारिक पत्र जैसा: पता/Examination Hall → दिनांक → To, अधिकारी, कार्यालय, नगर → विषय → Sir, → 3 अनुच्छेद → Yours faithfully, → नाम।
• अनुच्छेद 1: शिकायत एक पंक्ति में स्पष्ट। अनुच्छेद 2: तथ्य (कब से, कितनी गम्भीर, कौन पीड़ित)। अनुच्छेद 3: अपेक्षित समाधान और समय।
• बार-बार आने वाली शिकायतें: मोहल्ले की गन्दगी, पुस्तकालय में पुस्तकों की कमी, पीने के पानी की कमी, अनियमित जल आपूर्ति, बिजली कटौती, राशन की दुकान से ख़राब अनाज, कूड़ा निस्तारण, पुस्तक विक्रेता द्वारा ग़लत पुस्तक भेजना।
• पुस्तक विक्रेता को: ऑर्डर की तिथि, मँगाई गई पुस्तक, प्राप्त पुस्तक लिखें, और उनके ख़र्च पर बदलने की माँग करें।

• Format formal letter jaisa: address/Examination Hall → date → To, officer, office, city → Subject → Sir, → 3 paras → Yours faithfully, → naam.
• Para 1: complaint ek line mein clear. Para 2: facts (kab se, kitna bura, kaun pareshan). Para 3: kya remedy chahiye aur kab tak.
• Repeat hone wali complaints: mohalle ki gandagi, library mein books ki kami, peene ke paani ki kami, erratic water supply, bijli cut, ration shop se kharab anaaj, solid waste, bookseller ka galat book bhejna.
• Bookseller ko: order date, mangayi gayi book, mili hui book likhiye, aur unke kharche par replacement maangiye.

• Format: your address/Examination Hall → date → Dear (name), → body → Yours affectionately / Your loving friend, → your first name. No subject line, no 'To'.
• Types seen: warning a younger brother against bad company, uses and abuses of mobile phones, importance of morning walk and balanced diet, inviting a friend to a brother's/sister's marriage, consoling a friend on the death of his mother, apologising to a friend.
• Tone: warm and personal; give advice with reasons; end with regards to elders.
• Business letters (placing an order, booking, enquiry) are in the syllabus too: use the formal format with 'The Manager, (firm), city' and a numbered list of items/quantities.

• प्रारूप: अपना पता/Examination Hall → दिनांक → Dear (नाम), → मुख्य भाग → Yours affectionately / Your loving friend, → अपना पहला नाम। विषय-पंक्ति और 'To' नहीं।
• आए हुए प्रकार: छोटे भाई को बुरी संगत से बचने की चेतावनी, मोबाइल फ़ोन के लाभ-हानि, सुबह की सैर और संतुलित आहार का महत्त्व, मित्र को भाई/बहन के विवाह का निमन्त्रण, मित्र की माता के निधन पर सांत्वना, मित्र से क्षमा याचना।
• भाषा-शैली: आत्मीय; सलाह कारण सहित; अंत में बड़ों को प्रणाम।
• व्यावसायिक पत्र (माल का आदेश, बुकिंग, पूछताछ) भी पाठ्यक्रम में हैं: औपचारिक प्रारूप, 'The Manager, (फर्म), नगर', और वस्तुओं/मात्रा की क्रमांकित सूची।

• Format: apna address/Examination Hall → date → Dear (naam), → body → Yours affectionately / Your loving friend, → apna first name. Subject line aur 'To' nahi.
• Aaye hue types: chhote bhai ko buri sangat se bachne ki warning, mobile phone ke fayde-nuksaan, morning walk aur balanced diet ka importance, dost ko bhai/behen ki shaadi ka invitation, dost ki maa ke nidhan par condolence, dost se apology.
• Tone: apnapan; advice reasons ke saath; end mein bado ko pranaam.
• Business letters (order, booking, enquiry) bhi syllabus mein hain: formal format, 'The Manager, (firm), city', aur items/quantity ki numbered list.