Hindi Grammar (word-making, sentence, vachya, pad parichay) + Sanskrit grammarहिन्दी व्याकरण (शब्द रचना, वाक्य, वाच्य, पद परिचय) + संस्कृत व्याकरणHindi Vyakaran (shabd rachna, vakya, vachya, pad parichay) + Sanskrit Vyakaran

• Pratyay: a word-part added at the END of a word that makes a new word: padh + aai = padhai.
• 2 kinds: krit pratyay (added to a verb root: likh + ak = lekhak) and taddhit pratyay (added to a noun/adjective: sundar + ta = sundarta).
• aai: padhai, ladai, achchhai. ta: sundarta, manavta. pan: bachpan, ladakpan. hat: ghabrahat, chiknahat. vat: sajavat, banavat, likhavat. tva: manushyatva, gurutva.
• The common 2-mark ask: 'make one word each with any two pratyay' - write pratyay → word, e.g. pan → bachpan; vat → sajavat.

• प्रत्यय: शब्द के अन्त में जुड़कर नया शब्द बनाने वाला शब्दांश: पढ़ + आई = पढ़ाई।
• 2 भेद: कृत् प्रत्यय (धातु से: लिख् + अक = लेखक) और तद्धित प्रत्यय (संज्ञा/विशेषण से: सुन्दर + ता = सुन्दरता)।
• आई: पढ़ाई, लड़ाई, अच्छाई। ता: सुन्दरता, मानवता। पन: बचपन, लड़कपन। हट: घबराहट, चिकनाहट। वट: सजावट, बनावट, लिखावट। त्व: मनुष्यत्व, गुरुत्व।
• अक्सर पूछा जाता है: 'किन्हीं दो प्रत्ययों से एक-एक शब्द बनाइए' - प्रत्यय → शब्द लिखिए, जैसे पन → बचपन; वट → सजावट।

• Pratyay: shabd ke ant mein judkar naya shabd banane wala shabdansh: padh + aai = padhai.
• 2 bhed: krit pratyay (dhatu se: likh + ak = lekhak) aur taddhit pratyay (sangya/visheshan se: sundar + ta = sundarta).
• aai: padhai, ladai, achchhai. ta: sundarta, manavta. pan: bachpan, ladakpan. hat: ghabrahat, chiknahat. vat: sajavat, banavat, likhavat. tva: manushyatva, gurutva.
• Aksar poochha jata hai: 'kinhi do pratyayon se ek-ek shabd banaiye' - pratyay → shabd likhiye, jaise pan → bachpan; vat → sajavat.

• Old pattern: this was asked in older papers; the current UP Board blueprint does not list it. Read it only if you have time.
• Yan sandhi: i/ee, u/oo, ri + a different vowel → y, v, r. iti + adi = ityadi; prati + ekah = pratyekah; su + agatam = svagatam; manu + antar = manvantar; abhi + udayah = abhyudayah; pitri + aagya = pitragya; matri + aagya = matragya; upari + uktam = uparyuktam.
• Vriddhi sandhi: a/aa + e/ai → ai; a/aa + o/au → au. adya + eva = adyaiva; asya + eva = asyaiva; ratna + oghah = ratnaughah; maha + aushadhih = mahaushadhih; raja + aishvaryam = rajaishvaryam.
• Gun sandhi: a/aa + i/ee → e; a/aa + u/oo → o. sur + ishah = sureshah; maha + utsavah = mahotsavah.

• पुराना पैटर्न: यह पुराने प्रश्नपत्रों में पूछा जाता था; वर्तमान UP बोर्ड ब्लूप्रिंट में यह नहीं है। समय हो तभी पढ़ें।
• यण् सन्धि: इ/ई, उ/ऊ, ऋ + भिन्न स्वर → य्, व्, र्। इति + आदि = इत्यादि; प्रति + एकः = प्रत्येकः; सु + आगतम् = स्वागतम्; मनु + अन्तर = मन्वन्तर; अभि + उदयः = अभ्युदयः; पितृ + आज्ञा = पित्राज्ञा; मातृ + आज्ञा = मात्राज्ञा; उपरि + उक्तम् = उपर्युक्तम्।
• वृद्धि सन्धि: अ/आ + ए/ऐ → ऐ; अ/आ + ओ/औ → औ। अद्य + एव = अद्यैव; अस्य + एव = अस्यैव; रत्न + ओघः = रत्नौघः; महा + औषधिः = महौषधिः; राज + ऐश्वर्यम् = राजैश्वर्यम्।
• गुण सन्धि: अ/आ + इ/ई → ए; अ/आ + उ/ऊ → ओ। सुर + ईशः = सुरेशः; महा + उत्सवः = महोत्सवः।

• Purana pattern: yeh purane papers mein poochha jata tha; current UP Board blueprint mein yeh nahi hai. Samay ho tabhi padhein.
• Yan sandhi: i/ee, u/oo, ri + alag swar → y, v, r. iti + adi = ityadi; prati + ekah = pratyekah; su + agatam = svagatam; manu + antar = manvantar; abhi + udayah = abhyudayah; pitri + aagya = pitragya; matri + aagya = matragya; upari + uktam = uparyuktam.
• Vriddhi sandhi: a/aa + e/ai → ai; a/aa + o/au → au. adya + eva = adyaiva; asya + eva = asyaiva; ratna + oghah = ratnaughah; maha + aushadhih = mahaushadhih; raja + aishvaryam = rajaishvaryam.
• Gun sandhi: a/aa + i/ee → e; a/aa + u/oo → o. sur + ishah = sureshah; maha + utsavah = mahotsavah.

• Old pattern: this was asked in older papers; the current UP Board blueprint does not list it. Read it only if you have time.
• Phal (neuter): tritiya phalena, phalabhyam, phalaih; chaturthi phalaya, phalabhyam, phalebhyah; panchami phalat, phalabhyam, phalebhyah; shashthi phalasya, phalayoh, phalanam.
• Nadi (feminine): tritiya nadya, nadibhyam, nadibhih; chaturthi nadyai, nadibhyam, nadibhyah; panchami nadyah, nadibhyam, nadibhyah; shashthi nadyah, nadyoh, nadinam.
• Madhu (neuter): tritiya madhuna, madhubhyam, madhubhih; chaturthi madhune, madhubhyam, madhubhyah; panchami madhunah, madhubhyam, madhubhyah; shashthi madhunah, madhunoh, madhunam.
• Mati (feminine): tritiya matya, matibhyam, matibhih; chaturthi matyai/mataye, matibhyam, matibhyah; panchami matyah/mateh, matibhyam, matibhyah. 'Payansi' = prathama/dvitiya bahuvachan of payas.

• पुराना पैटर्न: यह पुराने प्रश्नपत्रों में पूछा जाता था; वर्तमान UP बोर्ड ब्लूप्रिंट में यह नहीं है। समय हो तभी पढ़ें।
• फल (नपुंसक): तृतीया फलेन, फलाभ्याम्, फलैः; चतुर्थी फलाय, फलाभ्याम्, फलेभ्यः; पंचमी फलात्, फलाभ्याम्, फलेभ्यः; षष्ठी फलस्य, फलयोः, फलानाम्।
• नदी (स्त्रीलिंग): तृतीया नद्या, नदीभ्याम्, नदीभिः; चतुर्थी नद्यै, नदीभ्याम्, नदीभ्यः; पंचमी नद्याः, नदीभ्याम्, नदीभ्यः; षष्ठी नद्याः, नद्योः, नदीनाम्।
• मधु (नपुंसक): तृतीया मधुना, मधुभ्याम्, मधुभिः; चतुर्थी मधुने, मधुभ्याम्, मधुभ्यः; पंचमी मधुनः, मधुभ्याम्, मधुभ्यः; षष्ठी मधुनः, मधुनोः, मधूनाम्।
• मति (स्त्रीलिंग): तृतीया मत्या, मतिभ्याम्, मतिभिः; चतुर्थी मत्यै/मतये, मतिभ्याम्, मतिभ्यः; पंचमी मत्याः/मतेः, मतिभ्याम्, मतिभ्यः। 'पयांसि' = पयस् का प्रथमा/द्वितीया बहुवचन।

• Purana pattern: yeh purane papers mein poochha jata tha; current UP Board blueprint mein yeh nahi hai. Samay ho tabhi padhein.
• Phal (napunsak): tritiya phalena, phalabhyam, phalaih; chaturthi phalaya, phalabhyam, phalebhyah; panchami phalat, phalabhyam, phalebhyah; shashthi phalasya, phalayoh, phalanam.
• Nadi (striling): tritiya nadya, nadibhyam, nadibhih; chaturthi nadyai, nadibhyam, nadibhyah; panchami nadyah, nadibhyam, nadibhyah; shashthi nadyah, nadyoh, nadinam.
• Madhu (napunsak): tritiya madhuna, madhubhyam, madhubhih; chaturthi madhune, madhubhyam, madhubhyah; panchami madhunah, madhubhyam, madhubhyah; shashthi madhunah, madhunoh, madhunam.
• Mati (striling): tritiya matya, matibhyam, matibhih; chaturthi matyai/mataye, matibhyam, matibhyah; panchami matyah/mateh, matibhyam, matibhyah. 'Payansi' = payas ka prathama/dvitiya bahuvachan.

• Old pattern: this was asked in older papers; the current UP Board blueprint does not list it. Read it only if you have time.
• Lat (present): pathati, pathatah, pathanti / pathasi, pathathah, pathatha / pathami, pathavah, pathamah. So 'hasami' = uttam ek, 'hasamah' = uttam bahu, 'hasatha' = madhyam bahu.
• Lot (order): pathatu, pathatam, pathantu / patha, pathatam, pathata / pathani, pathava, pathama. So 'hasama' = lot, uttam, bahu; 'pashyatu' = drish, lot, pratham, ek.
• Lang (past): apathat, apathatam, apathan / apathah, apathatam, apathata / apatham, apathava, apathama. 'Ahasatam' = has, lang, pratham, dvi.
• Vidhiling (should): pathet, pathetam, patheyuh / patheh, pathetam, patheta / patheyam, patheva, pathema. 'Pacheva' = pach, vidhiling, uttam, dvi; 'pashyema' = drish, vidhiling, uttam, bahu.
• Lrit (future): pathishyati, pathishyatah, pathishyanti / pathishyasi, pathishyathah, pathishyatha / pathishyami, pathishyavah, pathishyamah. 'Drakshyasi' = drish, lrit, madhyam, ek; 'pakshyathah' = pach, lrit, madhyam, dvi.

• पुराना पैटर्न: यह पुराने प्रश्नपत्रों में पूछा जाता था; वर्तमान UP बोर्ड ब्लूप्रिंट में यह नहीं है। समय हो तभी पढ़ें।
• लट् (वर्तमान): पठति, पठतः, पठन्ति / पठसि, पठथः, पठथ / पठामि, पठावः, पठामः। अतः 'हसामि' = उत्तम एक, 'हसामः' = उत्तम बहु, 'हसथ' = मध्यम बहु।
• लोट् (आज्ञा): पठतु, पठताम्, पठन्तु / पठ, पठतम्, पठत / पठानि, पठाव, पठाम। अतः 'हसाम' = लोट्, उत्तम, बहु; 'पश्यतु' = दृश्, लोट्, प्रथम, एक।
• लङ् (भूत): अपठत्, अपठताम्, अपठन् / अपठः, अपठतम्, अपठत / अपठम्, अपठाव, अपठाम। 'अहसताम्' = हस्, लङ्, प्रथम, द्वि।
• विधिलिङ् (चाहिए): पठेत्, पठेताम्, पठेयुः / पठेः, पठेतम्, पठेत / पठेयम्, पठेव, पठेम। 'पचेव' = पच्, विधिलिङ्, उत्तम, द्वि; 'पश्येम' = दृश्, विधिलिङ्, उत्तम, बहु।
• लृट् (भविष्य): पठिष्यति, पठिष्यतः, पठिष्यन्ति / पठिष्यसि, पठिष्यथः, पठिष्यथ / पठिष्यामि, पठिष्यावः, पठिष्यामः। 'द्रक्ष्यसि' = दृश्, लृट्, मध्यम, एक; 'पक्ष्यथः' = पच्, लृट्, मध्यम, द्वि।

• Purana pattern: yeh purane papers mein poochha jata tha; current UP Board blueprint mein yeh nahi hai. Samay ho tabhi padhein.
• Lat (vartaman): pathati, pathatah, pathanti / pathasi, pathathah, pathatha / pathami, pathavah, pathamah. Isliye 'hasami' = uttam ek, 'hasamah' = uttam bahu, 'hasatha' = madhyam bahu.
• Lot (aagya): pathatu, pathatam, pathantu / patha, pathatam, pathata / pathani, pathava, pathama. Isliye 'hasama' = lot, uttam, bahu; 'pashyatu' = drish, lot, pratham, ek.
• Lang (bhoot): apathat, apathatam, apathan / apathah, apathatam, apathata / apatham, apathava, apathama. 'Ahasatam' = has, lang, pratham, dvi.
• Vidhiling (chahiye): pathet, pathetam, patheyuh / patheh, pathetam, patheta / patheyam, patheva, pathema. 'Pacheva' = pach, vidhiling, uttam, dvi; 'pashyema' = drish, vidhiling, uttam, bahu.
• Lrit (bhavishya): pathishyati, pathishyatah, pathishyanti / pathishyasi, pathishyathah, pathishyatha / pathishyami, pathishyavah, pathishyamah. 'Drakshyasi' = drish, lrit, madhyam, ek; 'pakshyathah' = pach, lrit, madhyam, dvi.

• A word used in a sentence is a 'pad'. Pad parichay = telling its kind and its grammar details.
• Main kinds of pad: sangya (noun), sarvnam (pronoun), visheshan (adjective), kriya (verb), avyay (indeclinable). Some books count 8 by splitting avyay into 4.
• Vikari (changing) pad: 4 - sangya, sarvnam, visheshan, kriya. They change with ling, vachan, karak, purush.
• Avikari (avyay) pad do not change: kriyavisheshan (dheere), sambandhbodhak (ke paas), samuchchayabodhak (aur, parantu), vismayadibodhak (are!, wah!).
• Sangya kinds: vyaktivachak (Ram, Ganga), jativachak (ladka, nadi), bhavvachak (bachpan, sundarta).
• Pad parichay of a noun: kind, ling, vachan, karak, and link with the verb. 'Ram ne phal khaya' - Ram: vyaktivachak sangya, pulling, ekvachan, karta karak, karta of 'khaya'.

• वाक्य में प्रयुक्त शब्द 'पद' कहलाता है। पद परिचय = उसका भेद और व्याकरणिक परिचय बताना।
• पद के मुख्य भेद: संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया, अव्यय। कुछ पुस्तकें अव्यय के 4 भेद अलग गिनकर 8 बताती हैं।
• विकारी पद: 4 - संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया। ये लिंग, वचन, कारक, पुरुष से बदलते हैं।
• अविकारी (अव्यय) पद नहीं बदलते: क्रियाविशेषण (धीरे), सम्बन्धबोधक (के पास), समुच्चयबोधक (और, परन्तु), विस्मयादिबोधक (अरे!, वाह!)।
• संज्ञा के भेद: व्यक्तिवाचक (राम, गंगा), जातिवाचक (लड़का, नदी), भाववाचक (बचपन, सुन्दरता)।
• संज्ञा का पद परिचय: भेद, लिंग, वचन, कारक और क्रिया से सम्बन्ध। 'राम ने फल खाया' - राम: व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा, पुल्लिंग, एकवचन, कर्ता कारक, 'खाया' क्रिया का कर्ता।

• Vakya mein prayukt shabd 'pad' kehlata hai. Pad parichay = uska bhed aur vyakaranik parichay batana.
• Pad ke mukhya bhed: sangya, sarvnam, visheshan, kriya, avyay. Kuch kitaabein avyay ke 4 bhed alag ginkar 8 batati hain.
• Vikari pad: 4 - sangya, sarvnam, visheshan, kriya. Yeh ling, vachan, karak, purush se badalte hain.
• Avikari (avyay) pad nahi badalte: kriyavisheshan (dheere), sambandhbodhak (ke paas), samuchchayabodhak (aur, parantu), vismayadibodhak (are!, wah!).
• Sangya ke bhed: vyaktivachak (Ram, Ganga), jativachak (ladka, nadi), bhavvachak (bachpan, sundarta).
• Sangya ka pad parichay: bhed, ling, vachan, karak aur kriya se sambandh. 'Ram ne phal khaya' - Ram: vyaktivachak sangya, pulling, ekvachan, karta karak, 'khaya' kriya ka karta.

• Tad (masculine) ekvachan down the cases: sah, tam, tena, tasmai, tasmat, tasya, tasmin.
• Tad (masculine) dvivachan: tau, tau, tabhyam, tabhyam, tabhyam, tayoh, tayoh. Bahuvachan: te, tan, taih, tebhyah, tebhyah, tesham, teshu.
• Tad (feminine) ekvachan: sa, tam, taya, tasyai, tasyah, tasyah, tasyam.
• Yushmad (you) ekvachan: tvam, tvam (tva), tvaya, tubhyam (te), tvat, tava (te), tvayi.
• Yushmad dvivachan: yuvam, yuvam, yuvabhyam, yuvabhyam, yuvabhyam, yuvayoh, yuvayoh. Bahuvachan: yuyam, yushman, yushmabhih, yushmabhyam, yushmat, yushmakam, yushmasu.
• Note: 'yuvam' is both prathama and dvitiya dvivachan; 'tabhyam' is tritiya, chaturthi and panchami dvivachan.

• तद् (पुल्लिंग) एकवचन, विभक्ति क्रम से: सः, तम्, तेन, तस्मै, तस्मात्, तस्य, तस्मिन्।
• तद् (पुल्लिंग) द्विवचन: तौ, तौ, ताभ्याम्, ताभ्याम्, ताभ्याम्, तयोः, तयोः। बहुवचन: ते, तान्, तैः, तेभ्यः, तेभ्यः, तेषाम्, तेषु।
• तद् (स्त्रीलिंग) एकवचन: सा, ताम्, तया, तस्यै, तस्याः, तस्याः, तस्याम्।
• युष्मद् (तुम) एकवचन: त्वम्, त्वाम् (त्वा), त्वया, तुभ्यम् (ते), त्वत्, तव (ते), त्वयि।
• युष्मद् द्विवचन: युवाम्, युवाम्, युवाभ्याम्, युवाभ्याम्, युवाभ्याम्, युवयोः, युवयोः। बहुवचन: यूयम्, युष्मान्, युष्माभिः, युष्मभ्यम्, युष्मत्, युष्माकम्, युष्मासु।
• ध्यान दें: 'युवाम्' प्रथमा और द्वितीया दोनों का द्विवचन है; 'ताभ्याम्' तृतीया, चतुर्थी और पंचमी तीनों का द्विवचन है।

• Tad (pulling) ekvachan, vibhakti kram se: sah, tam, tena, tasmai, tasmat, tasya, tasmin.
• Tad (pulling) dvivachan: tau, tau, tabhyam, tabhyam, tabhyam, tayoh, tayoh. Bahuvachan: te, tan, taih, tebhyah, tebhyah, tesham, teshu.
• Tad (striling) ekvachan: sa, tam, taya, tasyai, tasyah, tasyah, tasyam.
• Yushmad (tum) ekvachan: tvam, tvaam (tva), tvaya, tubhyam (te), tvat, tava (te), tvayi.
• Yushmad dvivachan: yuvam, yuvam, yuvabhyam, yuvabhyam, yuvabhyam, yuvayoh, yuvayoh. Bahuvachan: yuyam, yushman, yushmabhih, yushmabhyam, yushmat, yushmakam, yushmasu.
• Dhyan dein: 'yuvam' prathama aur dvitiya dono ka dvivachan hai; 'tabhyam' tritiya, chaturthi aur panchami teeno ka dvivachan hai.

💡 Learn tad and yushmad as two 7-line tables; say them aloud like a song.तद् और युष्मद् को 7-7 पंक्तियों की तालिका की तरह, गीत की तरह बोलकर याद कीजिए।Tad aur yushmad ko 7-7 lines ki table ki tarah, geet ki tarah bolkar yaad kijiye.

• Vachya tells whether the karta (doer), the karm (object) or the bhav (action) is main in the sentence. 3 kinds.
• Kartrivachya: the karta is main; the verb follows the karta. 'Mahatma Buddh ne vishwa ko shanti ka sandesh diya.'
• Karmavachya: the karm is main; 'dwara' or 'se' comes after the karta. 'Mohan dwara chitra banaya gaya.'
• Bhavvachya: the action (bhav) is main; the verb is intransitive, usually with 'nahi'. 'Mujhse chala nahi jata.' 'Adarsh se gaya nahi jata.'

• वाच्य बताता है कि वाक्य में कर्ता, कर्म या भाव (क्रिया) में से किसकी प्रधानता है। 3 भेद।
• कर्तृवाच्य: कर्ता प्रधान; क्रिया कर्ता के अनुसार। 'महात्मा बुद्ध ने विश्व को शान्ति का संदेश दिया।'
• कर्मवाच्य: कर्म प्रधान; कर्ता के बाद 'द्वारा' या 'से'। 'मोहन द्वारा चित्र बनाया गया।'
• भाववाच्य: भाव (क्रिया) प्रधान; क्रिया अकर्मक, प्रायः 'नहीं' के साथ। 'मुझसे चला नहीं जाता।' 'आदर्श से गाया नहीं जाता।'

• Vachya batata hai ki vakya mein karta, karm ya bhav (kriya) mein se kiski pradhanta hai. 3 bhed.
• Kartrivachya: karta pradhan; kriya karta ke anusaar. 'Mahatma Buddh ne vishwa ko shanti ka sandesh diya.'
• Karmavachya: karm pradhan; karta ke baad 'dwara' ya 'se'. 'Mohan dwara chitra banaya gaya.'
• Bhavvachya: bhav (kriya) pradhan; kriya akarmak, aksar 'nahi' ke saath. 'Mujhse chala nahi jata.' 'Adarsh se gaya nahi jata.'

💡 'Se/dwara' + object present = karmavachya; 'se/dwara' + no object = bhavvachya.'से/द्वारा' + कर्म हो = कर्मवाच्य; 'से/द्वारा' + कर्म न हो = भाववाच्य।'Se/dwara' + karm ho = karmavachya; 'se/dwara' + karm na ho = bhavvachya.

• Varn (sound) is the smallest unit of language; a word is the smallest meaningful unit; a sentence is a group of words that gives a complete meaning.
• Parts of a sentence: uddeshya (subject - about whom) and vidheya (predicate - what is said).
• Elements (tatva) of a sentence, as most grammar books give 6: saarthakta, yogyata, aakanksha, aasatti (nikatta), padkram, anvay.
• By structure (rachna) 3 kinds: saral (one main verb), sanyukt (two clauses joined by aur, par, ya), mishra (main + dependent clause with ki, jo, yadi).
• By meaning (arth) 8 kinds: vidhanvachak, nishedhvachak, aagyavachak, prashnavachak, ichchhavachak, sandehvachak, sanketvachak, vismayadibodhak.
• A sentence showing surprise, sorrow or joy is vismayadibodhak ('Wah! kitna sundar drishya hai!').

• वर्ण (ध्वनि) भाषा की सबसे छोटी इकाई है; शब्द सबसे छोटी सार्थक इकाई है; वाक्य पूरा अर्थ देने वाला शब्द-समूह है।
• वाक्य के अंग: उद्देश्य (जिसके बारे में कहा जाए) और विधेय (जो कहा जाए)।
• वाक्य के तत्त्व, अधिकतर व्याकरण पुस्तकों के अनुसार 6: सार्थकता, योग्यता, आकांक्षा, आसत्ति (निकटता), पदक्रम, अन्वय।
• रचना के आधार पर 3 भेद: सरल (एक मुख्य क्रिया), संयुक्त (और, पर, या से जुड़े दो उपवाक्य), मिश्र (कि, जो, यदि से जुड़ा प्रधान और आश्रित उपवाक्य)।
• अर्थ के आधार पर 8 भेद: विधानवाचक, निषेधवाचक, आज्ञावाचक, प्रश्नवाचक, इच्छावाचक, संदेहवाचक, संकेतवाचक, विस्मयादिबोधक।
• आश्चर्य, दुःख या सुख का बोध कराने वाला वाक्य विस्मयादिबोधक है ('वाह! कितना सुन्दर दृश्य है!')।

• Varn (dhwani) bhasha ki sabse chhoti ikai hai; shabd sabse chhoti saarthak ikai hai; vakya poora arth dene wala shabd-samooh hai.
• Vakya ke ang: uddeshya (jiske baare mein kaha jaye) aur vidheya (jo kaha jaye).
• Vakya ke tatva, zyaadatar vyakaran kitaabon ke anusaar 6: saarthakta, yogyata, aakanksha, aasatti (nikatta), padkram, anvay.
• Rachna ke aadhaar par 3 bhed: saral (ek mukhya kriya), sanyukt (aur, par, ya se jude do upvakya), mishra (ki, jo, yadi se juda pradhan aur aashrit upvakya).
• Arth ke aadhaar par 8 bhed: vidhanvachak, nishedhvachak, aagyavachak, prashnavachak, ichchhavachak, sandehvachak, sanketvachak, vismayadibodhak.
• Aashcharya, dukh ya sukh ka bodh karane wala vakya vismayadibodhak hai ('Wah! kitna sundar drishya hai!').

• unnati - avanati; anuj - agraj; kritagya - kritaghna; aastik - nastik.
• sugam - durgam; aadan - pradan; maan - apmaan; utkarsh - apkarsh; jangam - sthavar.
• sajeev - nirjeev; sakshar - nirakshar; swadesh - videsh; prachin - naveen (arvachin).

• उन्नति - अवनति; अनुज - अग्रज; कृतज्ञ - कृतघ्न; आस्तिक - नास्तिक।
• सुगम - दुर्गम; आदान - प्रदान; मान - अपमान; उत्कर्ष - अपकर्ष; जंगम - स्थावर।
• सजीव - निर्जीव; साक्षर - निरक्षर; स्वदेश - विदेश; प्राचीन - नवीन (अर्वाचीन)।

• unnati - avanati; anuj - agraj; kritagya - kritaghna; aastik - nastik.
• sugam - durgam; aadan - pradan; maan - apmaan; utkarsh - apkarsh; jangam - sthavar.
• sajeev - nirjeev; sakshar - nirakshar; swadesh - videsh; prachin - naveen (arvachin).